Chemically modified mutant serine hydrolases show improved catalytic activity and chiral selectivity

ABSTRACT

This invention provides novel chemically modified mutant serine hydrolases that catalyze a transamidation and/or a transpeptidation and/or a transesterification reaction. The modified serine hydrolases have one or more amino acid residues in a subsite replaced with a cysteine, wherein the cysteine is modified by replacing the thiol hydrogen in the cysteine with a substituent group providing a thiol side chain comprising a moiety selected from the group consisting of a polar aromatic substituent, an alkyl amino group with a positive charge, and a glycoside. In particularly preferred embodiments, the substitutents include an oxazolidinone, a C 1  to C 15  alkyl amino group with a positive charge, or a glycoside.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit., under 35 U.S.C. § 119, of U.S.Provisional Patent Applications Ser. No. 60/107,758, filed on Nov. 10,1998, and Ser. No. 60/113,061 filed on Dec. 21, 1998, both of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

[Not Applicable]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention pertains to the field of serine hydrolases. Inparticular, this invention pertains to serine hydrolases that have beenmutated to introduce one or more cysteines which are then chemicallyderivatized. These chemically modified mutants demonstrate alteredenzymatic activity.

2. Background

Enzymes are now widely accepted as useful catalysts in organicsynthesis.

However, natural wild-type enzymes do not accept all structures ofsynthetic chemical interest, nor do they always product the desired(e.g. enantiomerically pure) products necessary for synthesis. Thispotential limitation of the synthetic applicabilities of enzymes hasbeen recognized and some progress has been made in altering theirspecificities in a controlled manner, e.g. using site-directed andrandom mutagenesis techniques of protein engineering. However, modifyingenzyme properties by protein engineering has been generally limited tomaking natural amino acid replacements. Although molecular biologicalstrategies for overcoming this restriction have recently been derived(Cornish et al. (1995) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 34: 621-633), theseprocedures are difficult to apply in most laboratories.

In contrast, controlled chemical modification of enzymes offers broadpotential for facile and flexible modification of enzyme structure,thereby opening up extensive possibilities for controlled tailoring ofenzyme specificity and activity. Changing enzyme properties by chemicalmodification has been explored previously with early reports by thegroups of Bender (e.g. Polgar et al. (1966) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 88:3153-3154) and Koshland (see, e.g., Neet et al. (1966) Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci., USA, 56: 1606-1611) who created a thiosubtilisin by chemicaltransformation (CH₂OH→CH₂SH) of the active site serine residue ofsubtilisin BPN′ to cysteine.

Interest in chemically produced artificial enzymes, including some withsynthetic potential was renewed by Wu (see, e.g., Wu et al. (1989) J.Am. Chem. Soc., 11: 4514-4515), Bell et al. (1993) Biochem., 32:3754-3762), Peterson (see, e.g., Peterson et al. (1995) Biochem., 34:6616-6620), and more recently Suckling (see, e.g., Suckling et al.(1993) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 3: 542-534).

U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,158 describes chemically modified detergent enzymeswhere one or more methionines have been mutated into cysteines. Thecysteines are subsequently modified in order to confer upon the enzymeimproved stability towards oxidative agents. Although improved stabilityis often a desirable property, it is also often desirable to alter otherenzymatic properties (e.g. specificity, catalytic activity,stereoselectivity, etc.).

Many methods for improving the activity and enantioselectivity ofhydrolases have been investigated. They include extreme temperatures(Noritomi et al. (1996) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 51: 95-99; Saka et al.(1997) J. Org. Chem. 62: 4906-4907; Ullmann et al. (1996) Tetrahedron:Asymmetry 7: 2047-2054; Holmberg et al. (1991) Biotechnol. Lett. 13:323-326; Phillips (1992) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14: 417419; Lam et al.(1986) J. Org. Chem. 51: 2047-2050), solvent engineering (Koskinen etal. (1996) Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media, A. M., Blackie Academicand Professional, London; Gutman et al. (1995) Adv BiochemEng/Biotechnol 52: 87-128; Griebenow and Klibanov (1997) Biotechnol.Bioeng. 53: 351-362; Bonneau et al. (1993) Bioorg. Chem. 21: 431-438;structural variation of the substrate (Gupta and Kaslauskas (1993)Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 4: 879-888; Sih et al. (1992) Chirality 4:91-97), imprinting (Rich and Dordick, (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119:3245-3252; Russell and Klibanov (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263:11624-11626.), lyoprotectants (Dabulis and Klibanov (1993) Biotechnol.Bioeng. 41: 566-571; KhmeInitsky et al. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:2647-2648), chemical modification (Scouten (1987) Methods Enzymol. 135:30-78; Polgar and Bender (1966) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88: 3153-3154; Wu andHilvert, (1989) Am. Chem. Soc. 111: 4513-4514), site-directedmutagenesis (Wong et al. (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112: 945-953; Bonneauet al. (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113: 1026-1030; Zhong et al. (1991) J.Am. Chem. Soc. 113: 683-684; Estell et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260:6518-6521; Sears and Wong (1996) Biotechnol. Prog., 12: 423-433), andrandom mutagenesis (Reetz et al. (1997) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 36:2830-2832; Chen and Arnold (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA, 90:5618-5622; Stemmer (1994) Nature, 370: 3.89-391). However, the chemicalmodification of mutant enzymes has been underused as a method forgenerating new hydrolases with novel properties (Gron et al. (1990) Eur.J. Biochem. 194: 897-901).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides unique chemically modified mutant enzymes (CMM)having improved stereoselectivity to a variety of substrates. Ingeneral, the mutants are serine hydrolases in which one or more aminoacid residues (preferably residues in a subsite, e.g. S₁, S₁′, or S₂)are replaced with a cysteine where the cysteine is chemically modifiedby replacing the thiol hydrogen in the cysteine with a substituent groupproviding a thiol side chain comprising a moiety selected from the groupconsisting of a polar aromatic substituent, an alkyl amino group with apositive charge, a chiral substituent, a heterocyclic substituent, and aglycoside. Preferred serine hydrolases of this invention catalyze atransamidation or a transpeptidation or a transesterification reactionand in a most preferred embodiment is stereoselective in this catalysis.Particularly preferred serine hydrolases include alpha/beta serinehydrolases, a subtilisin type serine proteases, and chymotrypsin serineproteases, with subtilisin being a particularly preferred serineprotease.

Preferred amino acids selected for replacement with cysteine includeasparagine, leucine, methionine, and serine. Preferred sites forreplacement (e.g. in subtilisin type enzymes) include amino acid 156 inthe S1 subsite, amino acid 166 in the S1 subsite, amino acid 217 in theS1′ subsite, amino acid 222 in S1′ subsite and amino acid 62 in the S2subsite. Preferred substituents include an oxazolidinone, a C₁ to C₁₅alkyl amino group with a positive charge, and a glycoside (e.g., amonosaccaharide, a disaccharide, and an oligosaccharide comprisingpentoses and hexoses) (see, e.g., FIG. 2). In one embodiment, preferredsubstituents include (R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,(S)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,(S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, N-(3′-thio-propyl)-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(R)-4phenyul-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thioethyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio)-(3aR-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one,andN-(3′-thio)-(3aS-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a chemically modifiedmutant subtilisin. The modified subtilisin has one or more amino acidresidues selected from the S1, S1′, or S2 subsites replaced with acysteine, where the cysteine is modified by replacing the thiol hydrogenin the cysteine with a substituent group providing a thiol side chaincomprising a moiety selected from the group consisting of a polararomatic substituent, an alkyl amino group with a positive charge, analkyl group bearing a negatively charged moiety, and a glycoside.Particularly preferred cysteine substitution(s) are at amino acid 62,amino acid 156, amino acid 166, amino acid 217, and amino acid 222.Preferred substituents are as described above and herein.

This invention also provides a method of forming a peptide bond. Themethods preferably involve contacting a compound comprising an estersubstrate with a serine hydrolase and/or a chemically modified mutantsubtilisin as described herein and a primary amine under conditionswhereby the hydrolase or modified subtilisin the formation of a peptidebond. A preferred ester substrate is an acyl donor and a primary amineis an acyl acceptor (e.g. an amino acid amide). Where the acyl acceptoris an amino acid amide the amino acid can be a D or an L amino acid andcan optionally be present in a peptide. The ester substrate can be a Dor an L amino acid ester and can optionally be present in a peptide.

In still another embodiment, this invention provides methods ofresolving racemic primary and secondary alcohols using atransesterification reaction. These methods involve contacting theracemic primary or secondary alcohol with a serine hydrolase and/or amodified mutant subtilisin as described herein and an acyl donor wherebysaid serine hydrolase catalyzes a transesterification reaction resolvingthe racemic primary or secondary alcohol. Preferred primary or secondaryalcohols include, but are not limited to, an aliphatic alcohol, anaromatic alcohol, and a heterocyclic alcohol. Particularly preferredprimary or secondary alcohols include, but are not limited to2-phenyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, and 2 octanol. Preferred acyldonors include, but are not limited to carboxylic acid esters (e.g.,including but not limited to alkyl, aralkyl such as benzyl, esters) andactivated esters (e.g., mono-, and/or di-, and/or tri-haloalkyl).Particularly preferred modified mutant enzymes include, but are notlimited to L217C—(CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻, N62C— (CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻, and N62C—S—CH₃.

In still another embodiment this invention provides methods of attachinga chiral moiety to a substrate via a transamidation, atransesterification, or a transpeptidation reaction. These methodsinvolve contacting a substrate (e.g., a peptide, an amino acid, etc.)having a reactive site suitable for a transesterification or atansamidation, and the moiety with a catalytic serine hydrolase asdescribed herein whereby the chiral moiety is covalently coupled to thesubstrate. Preferred chiral moieties include, but are not limited to Damino acids, L-amino acids, acyclic aliphatics, a cyclic aliphatics,aralkyl R-carboxylic acids, aralkyl S-carboxylic acids, aromaticR-carboxylic acids, and aromatic S-carboxylic acids. In particularlypreferred embodiments, the reaction is preferential for a moiety of onechirality. Particularly where the reaction is a transesterification thetransesterification preferably results in an enantiomerically biasedproduct.

This invention also provides methods of incorporating an amino acid intoa polypeptide. These methods involve contacting an amino acid ester witha catalytic serine protease as described herein and an amino acidprimary amine under conditions whereby the serine hydrolase catalyzesthe formation of a peptide bond between the amino acid of the amino acidester and the amino acid of the amino acid amine. Preferred amino acidesters are acyl donors and preferred amino acid amines are acylacceptor(s). The amino acid amide can be a D or an L amino acid amideand may optionally be present in a peptide. Similarly, the amino acidester may be a D or an L amino acid ester and may optionally be presentin a peptide.

Also provided are methods of producing a chemically modified mutatedserine hydrolase. These methods preferably involve providing a serinehydrolase wherein one or more amino acids have been replaced withcysteine residues; and replacing the thiol hydrogens in the cysteineresidues with a substituent group providing a thiol side chaincomprising a moiety selected from the group consisting of consisting ofa polar aromatic substituent, an alkyl amino group with a positivecharge, and a glycoside. Particularly preferred hydrolases include, butare not limited to alpha/beta serine proteases, subtilisin type serineproteases, and chymotrypsin serine proteases with subtilisins being mostpreferred serine hydrolases. The amino acid replaced with a cysteinepreferably amino acid in the S1, S1′, or S2 subsite (e.g., subtilisinresidues 156, 166, 217, 222, and 62) and/or preferably an asparagine, aleucine, a methionine, and a serine. Particularly preferred substituentsare as described herein. The methods may further involve screening themodified serine hydrolase for an activity selected from the groupconsisting of a transesterification activity, a transamidation activity,and a transpeptidation activity. The screens may optionally include ascreen for stereoselectivity.

Definitions

The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. Theterms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acidresidue is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturallyoccurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acidpolymers. The term may also include variants on the traditional peptidelinkage joining the amino acids making up the polypeptide.

The term “residue” as used herein refers to natural, synthetic, ormodified amino acids.

The terms enzyme includes proteins that are capable of catalyzingchemical changes in other substances without being permanently changedthemselves. Tthe enzymes can be wild-type enzymes or variant enzymes.Enzymes within the scope of the present invention include, but are notlimited to, pullulanases, proteases, cellulases, amylases, isomerases,lipases, oxidases, oxidoreductases, hydrolases, aldolases, ketolases,glycosidases, oxidoreductases, hydrolases, aldolases, ketolases,glycosidases, lyases, ligases, transferases, and ligases.

A “mutant enzyme” is an enzyme that has been changed by replacing anamino acid residue with a cysteine (or other) residue.

A “chemically modified” enzyme is an enzyme that has been derivatized tobear a substituent not normally found at that location in the enzyme.

A “chemically modified mutant enzyme” or “CMM” is an enzyme in which anamino acid residue has been replaced with another amino acid residue(preferably a cysteine) and the replacement residue is chemicallyderivatized to bear a substituent not normally found on that residue.

The term “thiol side chain group”, “thiol containing group”, and thiolside chain” are terms that can be used interchangeably and includegroups that are used to replace the thiol hydrogen of a cysteine.Commonly the thiol side chain group includes a sulfur atom through whichthe thiol side chain group is attached to the thiol sulfur of thecysteine. The “substitutent” typically refers to the group remainsattached to the cysteine through a disulfide linkage formed by reactingthe cysteine with a methanesulfonate reagent as described herein. Whilethe term subsitutent preferably refers just to the group that remainsattached (excluding its thiol group), the substituent can also refer tothe entire thiol side chain group. The difference will be clear from thecontext.

The “binding site of an enzyme” consists of a series of subsites acrossthe surface of the enzyme. The substrate residues that correspond to thesubsites are labeled P and the subsites are labeled S. By convention,the subsites are labeled S₁, S₂, S₃, S₄, S₁′, and S₂′. A discussion ofsubsites can be found in Siezen et al. (1991) Protein Engineering, 4:719-737, and Fersht (1985) Enzyme Structure and Mechanism, 2nd ed.Freeman, N.Y., 29-30. The preferred subsites include S₁, S₁′, and S₂.

The terms “stereoselectivity” or “stereoselective” when used inreference to an enzyme or to a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme refers toa bias in the amount or concentration of reaction products in favor ofenantiomers of one chirality. Thus a stereoselective reaction or enzymewill produce reaction products that predominate in the “D” form over the“L” form (or “R” form over the “S” form) or conversely that predominatein the “L” form over the “D” form (or “S” form over the “R” form). Thepredominance of one chirality is preferably a detectable predominance,more preferably a substantial predominance, and most preferably astatistically significant predominance (e.g. at a confidence level of atleast 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, andmost preferably at least 98%).

The phrase “amino acid ##” or “amino acid ## in the XX subsite” isintended to include the amino acid at the referenced position (e.g.amino 156 of B. lentus subtilisin which is in the S₁ subsite) and theamino acids at the corresponding (homologous) position in relatedenzymes.

A “serine hydrolase” is a hydrolytic enzyme utilizing an active serineside chain to serve as a nucleophile in a hydrolytic reaction. This termincludes native and synthetic serine hydrolases as well as enzymesengineered to perform the reverse reaction, e.g., for syntheticpurposes.

The “alphalbeta serine hydrolases” are a family of serine hydrolyasesbased on structural homology to enzymes including wheat germ serinecarboxypeptidase II (see, e.g., Liao et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31:9796-9812; Ollis et al. (1992) Protein Engineering, 5: 197-211).

The “subtilisin type serine proteases” refer to a family of serinehydrolyases based on structural homology to enzymes in includingsubtilisin BPN′ (Bott et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 7895-7906;Siezen and Leunissen (1997) Protein Science 6: 501-523) Subtilisins arebacterial or fungal proteases which generally act to cleave peptidebonds of proteins or peptides. As used herein, “subtilisin” means anaturally-occurring subtilisin or a recombinant subtilisin. A series ofnaturally-occurring subtilisins is known to be produced and oftensecreted by various microbial species. Amino acid sequences of themembers of this series are not entirely homologous. However, thesubtilisins in this series exhibit the same or similar type ofproteolytic activity. This class of serine proteases shares a commonamino acid sequence defining a catalytic triad which distinguishes themfrom the chymotrypsin related class of serine proteases. The subtilisinsand chymotrypsin related serine proteases have a catalytic triadcomprising aspartate, histidine and serine. In the subtilisin relatedproteases the relative order of these amino acids, reading from theamino to carboxy terminus, is aspartate-histidine-serine. In thechymotrypsin related proteases, the relative order, however, ishistidine-aspartate-serine. Thus, subtilisin herein refers to a serineprotease having the catalytic triad of subtilisin related proteases.

The “chymotrypsin serine protease family” refers to a family of serinehydrolyases based on structural homology to enzymes including gammachymotrypsin (Birktoft and Blow (1972) J. Molecular Biology 68:187-240).

The term “oxazolidinone” refers to a compound including an oxazolidinering and containing a keto group.

The term “glycoside” refers to a group of organic compounds that can beresolved by hydrolysis into sugars and other organic substances (e.g.aglycones). Preferred glycosides are acetals that are derived from acombination of various hydroxy compounds with various sugars. They maybe designaged individually as glucosides, mannosides, galactosides, etc.Preferred glycosides include, but are not limited to monosacharrides andoligosaccharides, including pentose and hexose saccharides, includingglucose and mannose containing saccharides.

Resolving a recemic mixture refers to racemic primary and secondaryalcohols resolving racemic primary and secondary alcohols

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 2 illustrates synthesis scheme 1; the modification of SBL mutantswith chiral auxiliaries.

FIG. 3 illustrates synthesis scheme 2; the synthesis of mandelate-basedligands.

FIG. 4 illustrates synthesis scheme 3; the synthesis ofoxazolidinone-based ligands.

FIG. 5 illustrates synthesis scheme 4; the synthesis of indanol-basedligands.

FIG. 6A illustrates a comparison of N62C CMM specificity constants.

FIG. 6B illustrates a comparison of S166C CMM specificity constants.

FIG. 6C illustrates a comparison of 217C CMM specificity constants.

FIG. 7A illustrates the changes in esterase to amidase activity ratiosin S166C CMMs.

FIG. 7B illustrates the changes in esterase to amidase activity ratiosin L217C CMMs.

FIG. 8 illustrates a reaction scheme for the transesterification ofN-acetyl-1-phenylalanine vinyl ester with an alcohol using a chemicallymodified mutant enzyme as a catalyst.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This invention provides chemically modified mutant enzymes (CMMs) thatare capable of catalyzing transesterification and/or transamidationand/or transpeptidation reactions. Preferred modified enzymes of thisinvention maintain a high degree of stereoselectivity in the reaction.

The chemically modified mutant enzymes of this invention comprise aserine hydrolase in which one or more residues in one or more subsite(s)are mutated to a cysteine and the cysteine is derivatized (e.g. with amethanesulfonate reagent) to provide a substituent coupled in place ofthe thiol hydrogen on the cysteine. The site(s) of mutation and thesubstituents are selected to produce an enzyme that maintains a higherdegree of stereoselectivity than the wild type enzyme in atransesterification, transamidation, or transpeptidation reaction.

The mutant enzymes are usefully in a wide variety of contexts including,but not limited to peptide synthesis, transesterification, resolution ofenantiomers via stereoselective catalysis of racemic esters or amidesand related groups, detergents and other cleaning materials, textiletreatments, feed additives, and the like. Because of theirstereoselectivity, the mutant enzymes are particularly useful asreagents that catalyze steps in organic syntheses. If desired, themutant enzymes produce an enantiomerically purer reaction product and,in certain preferred embodiments, can be used to catalyze reactions thatare otherwise difficult. Thus, for example, in one embodiment theenzymes can be used to catalyze a transamidation reaction where a “D”amino acid is coupled to an “L” amino acid. To facilitate suchtransamidation reactions, in certain preferred embodiment, the modifiedenzyme has high esterase and low amidase activity.

I. Production of Mutant Enzymes for Chemical Modification.

A) Selection of Enzymes for Modification.

Preferred enzymes for modification according to this invention includethe serine hydrolases. The serine hydrolases are a class of hydrolyticenzymes characterized by a hydrolytic enzymes that posses a catalytictriad composed of a serine, histidine and a carboxylate amino acid(either aspartic or glutamic acid), and which catalyze the hydrolysis,and microscopic reverse reactions thereof, of carboxylic acidderivatives including, but not restricted to, esters, peptides andamides.

Preferred serine hydrolases comprising this invention include thetrypsin-chymotrypsin proteases, the subtilisin proteases, and thealpha/beta hydrolases. In a particularly preferred embodiment the enzymeis protease, more preferably a subtilisin (e.g. a Bacillus lentissubtilisin). The subtilisins are alkaline serine proteases that arefinding increasing use in biocatalysis, particularly in chiralresolution, regioselective acylation of polyfunctional compounds,peptide coupling, and glycopeptide synthesis. The latter twoapplications are of particular interest because they provide analternative to site-directed mutagenesis for introducing unnatural aminoacids into proteins.

Other particularly preferred serine hydrolases for use in this inventioninclude, but are not limited to Rick to provideall serine hydrolaseinclusing enzymes that belong to the subtilisin class (subtilases), α/βhydrolases or trypsin/chymotryspsin families of structurally serinehydrolase enzymes.

B) Selection of Residues for Modification.

In a preferred embodiment, residues for modification in the serinehydrolase are rationally selected. Particularly preferred amino acidresidues selected for modification include residues expected to beimportant discriminatory sites within the subsites. Such resides aredetermined from mutagenesis experiments where the subsite residues aresystematically mutagenized and the effect of such mutagenesis on bindingspecificity and/or enzymatic activity is determined. In addition,important residues can be identified from inspection of crystalstructures and/or from predicted protein folding or protein-proteininteractions determined using protein modeling software (e.g., Quanta(Molecular Simulations Inc.) and Frodo (academic software). Side chainssituated to alter interaction at subsites defined by Berger and Schectercan be selected based on the crystallographic models of the enzymes andextrapolated to homologous enzymes if necessary if structuralinformation on a specfic enzyme is unavailable. In B. lentus substilsinsites 156, 166, 217 and 222 are important substrate specificitydetermining sites. These along with site 62 identified specifically forthis study are exemplified. Additional related sites include position96, 104, 107, 189 and 209 in subtilisin and homologous positions inrelated enzymes.

Typically residues are selected where introduction of a substituent,which can be, but is not restricted to being, small, bulky, hydrophobicor hydrophilic, or charged, is expected to change the conformation ofthe binding site. In preferred embodiments, such residues typically liein the S1, S1′, or S2 subsites although it will be appreciated that incertain cases, alteration of residues in other subsites can also producedramatic effects.

In one particularly preferred embodiment, where the serine hydrolase isa subtilisin-type serine hydrolase, preferred residues for mutationinclude, but are not limited to residues 156 and 166 in the S1 subsite,residues 217 and 222 in the S1′ subsite and residue 62 in the S2 subsiteLeu96, Val 104, Ile107, Phe189 and Tyr209 or residues at homologouspositions within the subsites of other subtilisin-type serine proteases.

In another preferred embodiment, where the serine hydrolase is atrypsin-chymotrypsin type serine hydrolase, preferred residues formutation include Tyr94, Leu99, Gln175, Asp189, Ser190 and Gln192 oftrypsin or residues at homologous positions within the sub sites ofother trypsin-chymotrypsin-type serine proteases.

In still another preferred embodiment, where the serine hydrolase is analpha/beta serine hydrolase, preferred residues for mutation includeTrp104, Thr138, Leu144, Val154, Ile189, Ala 225, Leu278 and Ile185 ofCandida antartica lipase (Protein Data Bank entry 1 tca) or residues athomologous positions within the subsites of other alpha/beta type serinehydrolases.

Preferably the amino acids replaced in the enzyme by cysteines areselected from the group consisting of asparagine, leucine, methionine,or serine. More preferably the amino acid to be replaced is located in asubsite of the enzyme preferably the S1, S1′ or S2 subsites. Morepreferably, in a subtilisin the amino acids to be replaced are N62,L217, M222, S156, S166, site 104, site 107 (S4), site 96 (S2), site189(S2′), and site 209 (S1′/S3′) or their homologues where the numberedposition corresponds to naturally occurring subtilisin from Bacilusamyloliquefacients or to equivalent amino acid residues in othersubtilisins such as Bacillus lentus subtilisin.

C) Introduction of Cysteine.

The substitution of a cysteine for one or more native residue(s) in theserine hydrolase can be accomplished using routine methods well known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. In one preferred embodiment, themutants described herein are most efficiently prepared by site-directedmutagenesis of the DNA encoding the wild-type enzyme of interest (e.g.Bacillus lentis subtilisin). Techniques for performing site-directedmutagenesis or non-random mutagenesis are known in the art. Such methodsinclude, but are not limited to alanine scanning mutagenesis (Cunninghamand Wells (1989) Science, 244, 1081-1085), oligonucleotide-mediatedmutagenesis (Adeliman et al. (1983) DNA, 2, 183), cassette mutagenesis(Wells et al. (1985) Gene, 344: 315) and binding mutagenesis (Ladner etal. WO 88/06630).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the substitute amino acidresidue (e.g. cysteine) is introduced to the selected target site byoligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reactiontechnique. In this approach, the gene encoding the desired native enzyme(e.g. subtilisin) is carried by a suitable plasmid. More preferably, theplasmid is an expression vector, e.g., a plasmid from the pBR, pUC, pUB,pET or pHY4 series. The plasmid can be chosen by persons skilled in theart for convenience or as desired.

For site-directed mutagenesis, the fragment containing the selectedmutation site is cleaved from the gene encoding the subject enzyme byrestriction endonucleases is used as the template in a modified PCRtechnique (see, Higuchi et al. (1988) Nucleic Acid Res., 16, 7351-7367).For each target substitution, an oligonucleotide containing the desiredmutation is used as a mismatch primer to initiate chain extensionbetween 5′ and 0.3 PCR flanking primers. The process includes two PCRreactions. In the first PCR, the mismatch primer and the 5′ primer areused to generate a DNA fragment containing the desired basesubstitution. The fragment is separated from the primers byelectrophoresis. After purification, it is then used as the new 5′primer in a second PCR with the 3′ primer to generate the completefragment containing the desired base substitution. After confirmation ofthe mutation by sequencing, the mutant fragment is then inserted back tothe position of the original fragment.

In another approach, a cassette mutagenesis method may be used tofacilitate the construction and identification of the cysteine mutantsof the present invention. First, the gene encoding the serine hydrolaseis obtained and sequenced in whole or in part. Then the point(s) atwhich it is desired to make a mutation of one or more amino acids in theexpressed enzyme are identified. The sequences flanking these points areevaluated for the presence of restriction sites for replacing a shortsegment of the gene with an oligonucleotide which when expressed willencode the desired mutants. Such restriction sites are preferably uniquesites within the serine hydrolase gene so as to facilitate thereplacement of the gene segment. However, any convenient restrictionsite which is not overly redundant in the hydrolase gene may be used,provided the gene fragments generated by restriction digestion can bereassembled in proper sequence. If restriction sites are not present atlocations within a convenient distance from the selected point (e.g.,from 10 to 15 nucleotides), such sites are generated by substitutingnucleotides in the gene in such a fashion that neither the reading framenor the amino acids encoded are changed in the final construction. Thetask of locating suitable flanking regions and evaluating the neededchanges to arrive at two convenient restriction site sequences is maderoutine by the redundancy of the genetic code, a restriction enzyme mapof the gene and the large number of different restriction enzymes. Notethat if a convenient flanking restriction site is available, the abovemethod need be used only in connection with the flanking region whichdoes not contain a site.

Mutation of the gene in order to change its sequence to conform to thedesired sequence is accomplished e.g., M113 primer extension in accordwith generally known methods. Once the gene is cloned, the restrictionsites flanking the sequence to be mutated are digested with the cognaterestriction enzymes and the end termini-complementary oligonucleotidecassette(s) are ligated into the gene. The mutagenesis is enormouslysimplified by this method because all of the oligonucleotides can besynthesized so as to have the same restriction sites, and no syntheticlinkers are necessary to create the restriction sites.

A suitable DNA sequence computer search program simplifies the task offinding potential 5′ and 3′ convenient flanking sites. In preferredembodiments, any mutation introduced in creation of the restrictionsite(s) are silent to the final construction amino acid coding sequence.For a candidate restriction site 5′ to the target codon a sequencepreferably exists in the gene that contains at least all the nucleotidesbut for one in the recognition sequence 5′ to the cut of the candidateenzyme. For example, the blunt cutting enzyme SmaI (CCC/GGG) would be agood 5′ candidate if a nearby 5′ sequence contained NCC, CNC, or CCN.Furthermore, if N needed to be altered to C this alteration preferablyleaves the amino acid coding sequence intact. In cases where a permanentsilent mutation is necessary to introduce a restriction site one maywant to avoid the introduction of a rarely used codon. A similarsituation of SmaI would apply for 3′ flanking sites except the sequenceNGG, GNG, or GGN must exist. The criteria for locating candidate enzymesis most relaxed for blunt cutting enzymes and most stringent for 4 baseoverhang enzymes. In general many candidate sites are available.

A particularly preferred of method of introducing cysteine mutants intothe enzyme of interest is illustrated with respect to the subtilisingene from Bacillus lentus (“SBL”). In a preferred embodiment, the genefor SBL is cloned into a bacteriophage vector (e.g. M13mp19 vector) formutagenesis (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,185,258).Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis is performed according to themethod described by Zoller et al. (1983) Meth. Enzymol., 100: 468-500.The mutated sequence is then cloned, excised, and reintroduced into anexpression plasmid (e.g. plasmid GG274) in the B. subtilis host. PEG(50%) is added as a stabilizer.

The crude protein concentrate thus obtained is purified by first passingthrough a Sephadex™ G-25 desalting matrix with a pH 5.2 buffer (e.g. 20mM sodium acetate, 5 mM CaCl₂) to remove small molecular weightcontaminants. Pooled fractions from the desalting column are thenapplied to a strong cation exchange column (e.g. SP Sepharose™ FF) inthe sodium acetate buffer described above and the SBL is eluted with aone step gradient of 0-200 mM NaCl acetate buffer, pH 5.2. Salt-freeenzyme powder is obtained following dialysis of the eluent againstMillipore purified water and subsequent lyophilization.

The purity of the mutant and wild-type enzymes, which are denatured byincubation with a 0.1 M HCl at 0° C. for 30 minutes is ascertained bySDS-PAGE on homogeneous gels (e.g. using the Phast™ system fromPharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). The concentration of SBL is determinedusing the Bio-Rad (Hercules, Calif.) dye reagent kit which is based onthe method of Bradford (1976) Anal. Biochem., 72: 248-254). Specificactivity of the enzymes is determined as described below and in theexamples.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the protocoldescribed above can be routinely modified, if necessary, for use withother enzymes. Other protocols for site-directed modification ofproteins are well know to those of skill in the art and can be found,for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,932,419 and 5,789,166 Circularsite-directed mutagenesis, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,705,479 and 5,635475Site-directed mutagenesis modified glycoprotein hormones and methods ofuse, U.S. Pat. No. 5 5,556,747 Methodfor site-directed mutagenesis, U.S.Pat. No. 5,354,670 Site-directed mutagenesis of DNA, U.S. Pat. No.5,352,779, Site-directed mutagenesis modified DNA encoding glycoproteinhormones and methods of use, U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,760 Techniques forproducing site-directed mutagenesis of cloned DNA, and U.S. Pat. No.5,071,743 Processfor conducting site-directed mutagenesis.

In addition, kits for site-directed mutagenesis are commerciallyavailable (see, e.g. Transfomer™ Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit availablefrom Toyobo).

D) Expression of the Mutated Enzyme.

In a preferred embodiment, the mutated protein is expressed from aheterologous nucleic acid in a host cell. The expressed protein is thenisolated and, if necessary, purified. The choice of host cell andexpression vectors will to a large extent depend upon the enzyme ofchoice and its source.

A useful expression vector contains an element that permits stableintegration of the vector into the host cell genome or autonomousreplication of the vector in a host cell independent of the genome ofthe host cell, and preferably one or more phenotypic markers that permiteasy selection of transformed host cells. The expression vector may alsoinclude control sequences encoding a promoter, ribosome binding site,translation initiation signal, and, optionally, a repressor gene, aselectable marker or various activator genes. To permit the secretion ofthe expressed protein, nucleotides encoding a signal sequence may beinserted prior to the coding sequence of the gene. For expression underthe direction of control sequences, a gene or cDNA encoding a mutatedenzyme to be used according to the invention is operably linked to thecontrol sequences in the proper reading frame.

Vectors containing the mutant genes obtained by site-directedmutagenesis are then used respectively to transform suitable host cellsand expressed. Suitable host cells include bacteria such as E. coli orBacillus, yeast such as S. cerevisiae, mammalian cells such as mousefibroblast cell, or insect cells. Preferably, a bacterial expressionsystem is used. Most preferably, the host is Bacillus. Proteinexpression is performed by processes well known in the art according tofactors such as the selected host cell and the expression vector toculture the transformed host cell under conditions favorable for ahigh-level expression of the foreign plasmid.

Methods of cloning and expression of peptides are well known to those ofskill in the art. See, for example, Sambrook, et al. (1989) MolecularCloning: a Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed., Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory), Berger and Kimmel (1987) Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 152:Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Academic Press, Inc. San Diego,or Ausubel et al. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, GreenePublishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York.

As indicated above, one particularly preferred expression system isplasmid GG274 which is then expressed in a B. subtilis host.

II. Chemical Modification of Mutant Enzyme.

A) Selection of Substitutents for Modifying Mutated Residues.

A wide variety of substitutents can be used to modify the cysteine(s)introduced into the serine hydrolase. As indicated above, preferredsubstituents are those that improve stereoselectivity of the enzyme in atransesterification and/or a transamidation and/or a transpeptidationreaction. Preferred substituents are bulky (e.g. at least about 4-6angstroms in one dimension and/or consisting of three of more atoms in alinear, cyclic or branched conformation), and/or hydrophobic, and/orcharged.

In more preferred embodiments, the substituents include polar aromaticgroups (e.g. derivatized benzenes such as fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene,derivatized 5 member rings, oxazolidadones, etc.). Other preferredsubstituents include alkyl amino groups with a positive charge (e.g. C₁to C₅₀, more preferably C₁ to C₃₀ and most preferably C₁ to C₁₅ alkylamino groups with a positive charge) and glycosides (e.g. mono oroligosaccharrides derived from pentoses and hexoses and derivativestherof). Where transesterification activity is desired, particularlypreferred embodiments include alkyl groups (e.g. C₁ to C₅₀, morepreferably C₁ to C₃₀ and most preferably C₁ to C₁₅ alkyl groups) bearinga negative charge (e.g. SO₃ ⁻, and other sulfur acids, CO₂ ⁻, and otheracidic species including phopsphorus acid moieties, etc.).

Where transamidation or transpeptidation activity is desired and/orwhere a high degree of chiral specificity is desired, particularlypreferred substituents include polar aromatic groups, withoxazolidinones being most preferred. Typical oxazolidinones for use inthis invention include, but are not limited to,(R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, (S)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,(R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(R)-4phenyul-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thioethyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio)-(3aR-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one,andN-(3′-thio)-(3aS-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one.

Other particularly preferred embodiments include, but are not limitedto, the substituents illustrated in FIG. 2 and Other particularlypreferred embodiments include, but are not limited to, the substituentsillustrated in FIG. 2 and any of the commonly available chiralauxiliaries and ligands applied in asymmetric synthesis.

B) Coupling Substituents to the Cysteine.

The R group on cysteines provides a convenient relatively reactive thiolgroup (—SH) that can be exploited for coupling a desired substituent tothe cysteine. In a preferred embodiment, the substitutent of interest isprovided, derivatized as a methanethiosulfonate reagent which, whenreacted with the cysteine, results in the substituent of interestcovalently coupled to the cysteine by a disulfide linkage (—S—S—).

In a preferred embodiment, chemical modification with themethanethiosulfonate reagent(s) is carried out as described by Berglundet al. (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119: 5265-5255 and DeSantis et al.(1998) Biochemistry, 37: 5968-5973. Briefly, 200 μL of a 1 M solution ofthe methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagent is added to a solution (5-10mg/mL, 3.5 mL) of the cysteine mutant in 70 mM CHES, 5 nM MES, 2 mMCaCl₂, pH 9.5. The MTS reagent is added in two portions over 30 minutes.Reaction mixtures are kept at 20° C. with continuous end-over-endmixing. Reactions are monitored by following the specific activity (e.g.with suc-AAPF-pNA) and by tests for residual free thiol (e.g. withEllman's reagent). Once the reaction is complete, the reaction mixtureis loaded on a Sephadex™ PD-10 G25 column with 5 mM MES and 2 mM CaCl₂,pH 6.5. The protein fraction is then dialyzed against 1 mM CaCl₂ and thedialysate is lyophilized.

In certain instances, where the substituent that is to be coupled to thecysteine, bears reactive groups the reactive groups may be derivatizedwith appropriate blocking/protecting groups to prevent undesiredreactions during the coupling. Similarly, where the serine hydrolasecontains one or more cysteines that are not to be derivatized, the thiolgroup(s) on these cysteines may be derivatized with appropriateprotecting groups (e.g. (e.g. benzyl, trityl, tert-butyl, MOM, acetyl,thiocarbonate, thiocarbamate, and others). The use ofblocking/protecting groups is well know to those of skill in the art(see, e.g., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” Theodora W. Greeneand Peter G. M. Wuts Third Edition, Wiley-Interscience, Toronto, (1999),pp 454-493.)

III. Screening Chemically Modified Mutants for Desired Activity.

The chemically modified mutants are typically screened for the activityor activities of interest. Such activities include amidase activity,esterase activity, the ratio of amidase to esterase activity,stereoselectivity, transesterification, transamidation,transpeptidation, and the like. Assays for such activities are wellknown to those of skill in the art.

For example, assays for amidate and/or esterase activity can be rapidlyperformed on microtiter plates as described by Plettner et al. (1998)Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett, 8: 2291-2296. In one preferred embodiment,k_(cat)/K_(M) is obtained in a microtiter plate format, from the rate ofproduct formation (v) using the limiting case of the Michaelis-Mentenequation at low substrate concentration as an approximation (Equation 1where [S] and [E] are the substrate and enzyme concentrations,respectively): V≈(K_(cat)/K_(M))[S][E] for [S]<<K_(M). Enzyme stocksolutions are prepared in 5 mM 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES)with 2 mM CaCl₂, pH 6.5 at about 5×10⁻⁷ M for amidase and about 5×10⁻⁸ Mfor esterase assays substrate solutions are prepared in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The amidase substrate sucAAPF-pNa stock is 1.6 mMwhich give s 0.8 mM in the well. The esterase substrateisosuccinyl-alanine-alanine-proline-phynylalanine-thiobenzyl ester(sucAAPF-SBn) stock solution is 1.0 mM, which gives 0.05 mM in the well.Assays are carried out in 0.1 M tris hydroxymethylaminomethane (Tris) pH8.6 with 0.005% Tween. Tris buffer for the esterase assay contains 0.375nM DTNB. This buffer should be used immediately as the DTNB decomposeswithin a few hours due to the high pH of the buffer.

A sample of each enzyme solution (˜150 μL) is placed in a well in the1st, 5th, or 9th column of an enzyme loading plate. Rows A to g containenzymes, and row H contains MES buffer. ON a separate assay plate(Corning, flat bottom, 96-well), 10 μL of substrate solution and 180 μLof buffer are dispensed into wells along columns to be used in a run.Columns 14 on the assay plate contain four replicates of the enzymes incolumn 1 of the loading plate; columns 5-8 contain four replicates ofthe enzymes in column 5 of the loading plate.

Reactions are initiated by transferring 10 μL of enzyme solution fromthe loading plate to the assay plate with an 8-channel pipette. Foramidase assays, four columns are initiated for one run. For esteraseassays, two columns are initiated for a run. The time delay betweenaddition of enzyme to the first column and onset of reading is about22-30 seconds (amidase) and 10-15 seconds (esterase). Immediately afterinitiation the pate is placed on a Titertech Multiscan MCC340 reader(programmed in the kinetic mode, filter 414 mm, lag time 0.0 minutes,interval 5 seconds with automatic background subtraction of blank row H)(Labsystems, Finland) and is read for 1.0 minute (amidase) or 30 seconds(esterase). Prolonged reading, past the nearly linear part of theprogress curve) up to ˜50% conversion) provides an underestimate of therate. The output from the reader represents the average rate of changein absorbance at 4114 nm min⁻¹, measured at 5 second intervals, of thetotal time programmed. These data are converted to rates in MS⁻¹ usingthe extinction coefficients for p-nitroanilide and for3-carboxylate-4-nitrothiophenolate (e.g., e₄₁₄=8581 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ forp-nitroanilide and e₄₁₄=8708M⁻¹ cm⁻¹). Both extinction coefficients aredetermined on the reader using the same conditions and backgroundsubtraction as in the assay. The rates are corrected for active enzymeconcentration and the four replicates for each enzyme are averaged.

It will be appreciated that the foregoing protocol is exemplary and notlimiting and numerous modifications and variants can be performed withonly routine experimentation by one of ordinary skill in the art.

In certain embodiments, other catalytic activities are assayed (e.g.transamidation, transpeptidation, transesterification). In addition, incertain embodiments, substrate specificity and/or stereoselectivity isalso determined.

Such assays can be performed using routine methods. Thus, for example,transesterification or transamidation activities can be determined asdescribed in the examples. Similarly stereoselectivity can be determinedaccording to a number of methods known to those of skill in the art. Inone embodiment, stereoselectivity is determined by using stereoselectiveliquid or gas chromatographic procedures (e.g., using Chiralcel columns,Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.) as described in the examples.

Production of chemically modified mutant enzymes and screening forparticular activities of such modified enzymes is amenable to highthroughput methodologies. Typically such methodologies utilize roboticsto automate and speed the production and screening of large numbers ofcompounds. In efficient high throughput screening system, typicallyhundreds of thousands of reactants/reactions can be screened in a fewdays with only routine operator involvement. High throughput screeningsystems are commercially available (see, e.g., Zymark Corp., Hopkinton,Mass.; Air Technical Industries, Mentor, Ohio; Beckman Instruments, Inc.Fullerton, Calif.; Precision Systems, Inc., Natick, Mass., etc.). Thesesystems typically automate entire procedures including all sample andreagent pipetting, liquid dispensing, timed incubations, and finalreadings of the microplate in detector(s) appropriate for the assay.These configurable systems provide high throughput and rapid start up aswell as a high degree of flexibility and customization. Themanufacturers of such systems provide detailed protocols the varioushigh throughput. Thus, for example, Zymark Corp. provides technicalbulletins describing screening systems for detecting the modulation ofgene transcription, ligand binding, and the like.

IV. Uses of the CMMs of this Invention.

As shown in FIG. 1, subtilisins can catalyze peptide bond formationstarting from an ester substrate, by first forming an acyl enzymeintermediate which then reacts with a primary amine to form the peptideproduct. In this embodiment, preferred enzymes have high esteraseactivity to promote acyl enzyme formation and then low amidase activityto minimize hydrolysis of the peptide bond of the desired product.Generally subtilisins do not meet this requirement and in one embodimentthe improvement of the esterase to amidase selectivities of subtilisinsis one feature of the present invention.

Another particularly preferred feature of this invention, is theimproved stereoselectivity obtained with the modified mutant enzymes. Asindicated in the Examples the modified mutant enzymes can be utilized toresolve racemic alcohols and to stereoselectively acylate prochiral andmeso diols.

The stereoselective modified enzymes of this invention can also be usedto catalyze the formation of peptide linkages with particular chiralmoieties. In particular, the coupling of D amino acids in peptidesynthesis protocols has proven problematic. The modified enzymes of thisinvention provide a convenient and efficient mechanism to preferentiallycouple a D- or an L-amino acid to an individual amino acid or to anamino acid present in a polypeptide.

Enzymatic peptide coupling is an attractive method for preparation of avariety of peptides because this method requires minimal protection ofthe substrate, proceeds under mild conditions, and does not causeracemization (Wong et al. (1994) pages 41-130 In: Enzymes in SyntheticOrganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford). As indicated above, thechemically modified mutant enzymes of this invention can incorporateD-amino acid esters as acyl donors in peptide synthesis or an α-branchedamino acid amide as acyl acceptor in peptide synthesis to give a varietyof dipeptides. These reaction are not possible with the wild-typeenzymes.

Therefore the modified enzymes of the present invention can be used inorganic synthesis to, for example, catalyze a desired reaction and/or tofavor a certain stereoselectivity.

Of course the modified enzymes of this invention can also be utilized inmore “traditional” applications. Thus, for example, the modified enzymesof this invention (e.g. in particular the proteases and/or lipases) canbe formulated into known powdered and liquid detergents having a pHbetween 6.5 and 12.0 at levels of about 0.0 Ito about 5%, preferablyabout 0.1% to about 0.5%, by weight. These detergent cleaningcompositions or additives can also include other enzymes such as knownproteases, amylases, cellulases, lipases or endoglycosidases as well asbuilders and stabilizers.

In particularly preferred embodiments, the modified subtilisins are usedin formulating various detergent compositions. A number of knowncompounds are suitable surfactants useful in such detergentcompositions. /These include nonionic, anionic, cationic, anionic, orzwitterionic detergents (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,404,128, and4,261,868). A suitable detergent formulation is that described inexample 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,015. The modified enzymes of thisinvention may provide improved was performance in a detergentcomposition (as compared to previously known additives). Improves washperformance typically refers to increased cleaning of certain modifiedenzyme-sensitive stains such as grass or blood, as determined by astandard evaluation procedure (e.g. light reflectance) after a standardwash cycle.

The art is familiar with the different formulations that can be used ascleaning compositions. In addition to typical compositions, it isreadily understood that the modified enzymes of the present inventionmay be used for any purpose that the native or wild-type enzymes areused. Thus, these modified enzymes can be used, for example, in bar orliquid soap applications, dish care formulations, contact lens cleaningsolutions or products, peptide synthesis, feed applications such as feedadditives or preparation of feed additives, waste treatment, textileapplication such as the treatment of fabrics, and as fusion-cleavageenzymes in protein production.

In another preferred embodiment, the modified enzymes of this inventionare used in a method of treating a textile. The methods involvecontacting a chemically modified mutant enzyme of this invention with atextile under conditions effective to produce a textile resistant tocertain enzyme-sensitive stains (e.g. grass or blood stains). The methodcan be used to treat, for example, silk or wool. Enzyme treatments ofsuch fabrics are know to those of skill in the art and are described forexample in Research Disclosure 216,034, European Patent application No:134,267, U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,359, and European Patent application3244,259.

In still another embodiment, the modified enzymes of this invention areused in the preparation of an animal feed, for example, a cereal-basedfeed. The enzyme can be incorporated into essentially any cereal feed,e.g. a cereal comprising one or more of wheat, barley, maize, sorghum,rye, oats, triticale, and rice. Although the cereal component of acereal-based feed constitutes a source of protein, it is usuallynecessary to include species of supplementary protein in the feed suchas those derived form fish meal, meat, or vegetables. Sources ofvegetable proteins include, but are not limited to soybeans, rape seeds,canola, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and canola meal.

The inclusion of a modified enzyme in an animal feed can enable thecrude protein value and/or the digestibility and/or the amino acidcontent of the feed to be increased. This permits a reduction in theamounts of alternative protein sources and/or amino acid supplementsthat are added to the feed.

The foregoing description of uses for the modified mutant enzymes ofthis invention is illustrative and not intended to create any specialuse limitation. One will appreciate that the uses of the enzymes of thisinvention are myriad and not to be confined to the uses enumeratedherein.

V. Kits and Products Containing Chemically Modified Mutants.

In still another embodiment, this invention provides kits forsynthesizing and/or screening modified mutants of this invention. Suchkits preferably include one or more mutant serine hydrolases having oneor more amino acid residues substituted with a cysteine as describedherein. The kits may additionally include one or more methane sulfonatereagents as described herein that can be used to derivatized the mutantserine hydrolase. Such kits may additionally include one or morereagents and/or apparatus for performing such derivitizations.

In addition, the kits can include appropriate substrates and/orreactants for screening the chemically modified mutant enzyme for one ormore desired activities as described herein.

In another embodiment this invention provides kits for the use of themodified mutant enzymes described herein. Such kits preferably containone or more containers containing one or more of the chemically modifiedmutant serine hydrolases as described herein. Such kits can also includeappropriate reagents and/or substrates to use the modified enzymes inone or more of the reactions described herein.

In addition, the kits may include instructional materials containingdirections (i.e., protocols) for the practice of the syntheses, uses orassay methods described herein. Thus, for example, in one preferredembodiment, the instructional materials provide protocols derivatizingthe mutant enzyme with one or more of the methane sulfonate reagentsdescribed herein. In another embodiment, the instructional materials mayprovide protocols describing the use of the modified enzyme incatalyzing formation of a peptide bond. While the instructionalmaterials typically comprise written or printed materials they are notlimited to such. Any medium capable of storing such instructions andcommunicating them to an end user is contemplated by this invention.Such media include, but are not limited to electronic storage media(e.g., magnetic discs, tapes, cartridges, chips), optical media (e.g.,CD ROM), and the like. Such media may include addresses to internetsites that provide such instructional materials.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit theclaimed invention.

Example 1 Covalent Modification of Subtilisin Bacillus lentus CysteineMutants with Enantiomerically Pure Chiral Auxiliaries Causes RemarkableChanges in Activity

Methanethiosulfonate reagents may be used to introduce virtuallyunlimited structural modifications in enzymes via reaction with thethiol group of cysteine. The covalent coupling of enantiomerically pure(R) and (S) chiral auxiliary methanethiosulfonate ligands to cysteinemutants of subtilisin Bacillus lentus induces spectacular changes incatalytic activity between diastereomeric enzymes. Amidase and esterasekinetic assays using a low substrate approximation were used toestablish k_(cat)/K_(M) values for the chemically modified mutants, andup to 3 fold differences in activity were found between diastereomericenzymes. Changing the length of the carbon chain linking the phenyl orbenzyl oxazolidinone ligand to the mutant N62C by a methylene unitreverses which diastereomeric enzyme is more active. Similarly, changingfrom a phenyl to benzyl oxazolidinone ligand at S166C reverses whichdiastereomeric enzyme is more active. Chiral modifications at S166C andL217C give CMMs having both high esterase k_(cat)/K_(M)'S and highesterase to amidase ratios with large differences between diastereomericenzymes.

In this example, we illustrate changes in enzyme catalysis induced bythe covalent attachment of enantiomerically pure MTS ligands derivedfrom chiral auxiliaries to cysteine mutants of SBL (Scheme 1, FIG. 2).We selected mandelic acid and several oxazolidinones constructed fromglycine, valine, phenylglycine, phenylalanine and cis-1-amino-indanol.We covalently linked the homochiral MTS ligands to cysteine mutants ofSBL to create sets of diastereomeric chemically modified mutants (CMMs)allowing the observation of enzyme activity changes due solely todifferences in the chiral environment at one site. This methodology actsas a very fine and precise probe of enzymatic catalysis, since anydifferences between diastereomeric enzymes are solely attributable tothe spatial orientation of the ligand.

Enantiomerically pure MTS ligands, 1a-i, (FIG. 2) were synthesized andused to chemically modify the N62C, S156C, S166C and L217C mutants ofSBL. These residues were targeted on the basis of SBL's x-ray crystalstructure (X-ray structure solved by Rick Bott at Genencor InternationalInc. Brookhaven data base entry IJEA of SBL). N62C is in the S₂ pocketnear His-64 (nomenclature according to Schechter and Berger (1967)Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 27: 157-162). S156C and S166C are at thebottom of the S₁ pocket. However, S156C is surface exposed and S166C isburied pointing into the pocket. L217C is found in S₁′ which is wherethe leaving group is bound. A kinetic assay of amidase and esteraseactivity was conducted on these new diastereomeric CMMs in order toinvestigate their properties and to probe any changes in selectivity.

Results

Synthesis of MTS Reagents 1a-i

For the synthesis of the mandelate based MTS ligands, (R)-mandelic acid,(R)-2, was O-methylated with Me₂SO₄ (Reeve and Christoffel (1950) J. Am.Chem. Soc. 72: 1480-1483) in NaOH/H₂O to give (R)-3 in 37% yield (Scheme2). The acid, (R)-3, was reduced in 72% yield with borane in THF toalcohol, (R)-6, which was converted quantitatively to mesylate, (R)-8,in CH₂Cl₂. The mesylate was converted to bromide, (R)-10 (73%), by theaction of LiBr in refluxing acetone, and methanethiosulfonate, (R)-1a,was formed in 84% yield from bromide, (R)-10, using NaSSO₂CH₃ in DMF.The methanethiosulfonate (S)-1a was made in an analogous fashion from(S)-mandelic acid (see Scheme 2, FIG. 3).

A similar approach allowed the synthesis of (R)-1b (Scheme 2).(R)-mandelic acid, (R)-2, was esterified to give (R)-4 which wasprotected as its methoxymethyloxy ether, (R)-5, in excellent yield (90%for 2 steps). The ester, (R)-5, was reduced with LiBH₄ to the alcohol,(R)-7 (98%), which was converted to the mesylate, (R)-9, and then to thebromide, (R)-11 (80% for 2 steps), using the same conditions as for themethyl ether analogue. This bromide was reacted with NaSSO₂CH₃ in DMFfor 2 days to give (R)-12 in 61% yield. The alcohol was deprotected bythe action of TFA/H₂O to give the MTS reagent, (R)-1b, in 82% yield. Themethanethiosulfonate (S)-1b was made in an analogous fashion from(S)-mandelic acid.

The synthesis of oxazolidinone-based methanethiosulfonate ligands isshown in Scheme 3 (FIG. 4). Oxazolidinones have been widely used aschiral auxiliaries in asymmetric synthesis, and the degree of asymmetricinduction can be excellent in chemical transformations ranging fromalkylations to aldol reactions to Diels-Alder additions (Gage and Evans(1990) Org. Synth., 68: 77-91; Ager et al. (1997) Aldrichimica Acta, 30:3-12). The commercially available oxazolidinones, 13-(R)-16, werealkylated with 1,3-dibromopropane or 1,2-dibromoethane in DMSO/KOH(Isele and Luttringhaus (1971) Synthesis, 266-268) to give the bromides,17-(R)-22, and converted to the methanethiosulfonates, 1c-(R)-1h, in38-61% yield over 2 steps. The MTS reagents (S)-1d -(S)-1h were made inan identical manner from the (S) oxazolidinones.

The (1R, 2S) oxazolidinone, (R)-24, of cis-1R-amino-2S-indanol, (R)-23,was prepared in quantitative yield by the reaction of (R)-23,triphosgene and Et₃N in CH₂Cl₂ (Scheme 4, FIG. 5) (Sibi et al. (1995)Tetrahedron Lett., 36: 8961-8964). (R)-24 was then alkylated with1,3-dibromopropane to make bromide, (R)-25, which was reacted withNaSSO₂CH₃ to give (R)-1i (49% yield for 2 steps). MTS reagent (S)-1i wassynthesized from cis-1S-amino-2R-indanol in the same manner.

Enzyme Kinetic Assay

Subtilisin mutants, produced as described above, were modified with thehomochiral MTS reagents. Characterization of the new CMMs was done byPMSF titration (Hsia et al. (1996) Anal. Biochem., 242: 221-227) oftheir active sites, Ellman's titration (Ellman et al. (1961) Biochem.Pharmacol., 7: 88-95) of residual thiol (≦2% in all cases), ES-MS afterFPLC purification (mol. wt. ±6 mass units in all cases), and bynondenaturing gradients gels which all showed one band.

Amidase and esterase kinetic assays were conducted on these newdiastereomeric CMMs. Both assays were run using a low substrateconcentration in order to obtain a specificity constant (k_(cat)/K_(M))that gave us an idea of the performance of the CMMs and allowed us tocompare diastereomeric enzymes. (At low substrate concentration,(k_(cat)/K_(M))=ν_(initial)/[Enzyme][Substrate]). The results arepresented in Table 1. TABLE 1 Kinetic Assay^(a) of SBL CMMs. amidaseassay esterase assay k_(cat)/K_(M) (mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) k_(cat)/K_(M) (mM⁻¹ s⁻¹)enzyme (R) (S) (R) (S) WT^(b) 209 ± 15 3560 ± 540 N62C^(b) 92 ± 7 4380 ±655 N62C-a 218 ± 9 226 ± 11 5156 ± 131 5483 ± 106 N62C-b  187 ± 10 220 ±9  3571 ± 73  3054 ± 171 N62C-c 181 ± 6  9185 ± 407 N62C-d  333 ± 13 284± 5  5440 ± 78  4098 ± 151 N62C-e  458 ± 13 308 ± 7  13868 ± 920  6564 ±157 N62C-f 245 ± 3 150 ± 1  4995 ± 87  3261 ± 163 N62C-g 185 ± 4 244 ±7  3635 ± 58  4120 ± 159 N62C-h 262 ± 5 335 ± 7  6149 ± 202 7591 ± 209N62C-i 165 ± 3 228 ± 6  4675 ± 143 3279 ± 135 S166C^(b) 84 ± 4 350 ± 41S166C-a  72 ± 2 26 ± 1 1677 ± 16  1246 ± 48  S166C-b  48 ± 2 15 ± 1 1061± 18  929 ± 27 S166C-c 75 ± 1 4898 ± 196 S166C-d 75 ± 1 76 ± 1 4215 ±157 4475 ± 196 S166C-e 101 ± 3 64 ± 2 4076 ± 111 3964 ± 90  S166C-f  22± 1 52 ± 1 1495 ± 134 3277 ± 134 S166C-g 104 ± 2 37 ± 1 4281 ± 96  4069± 165 S166C-h  35 ± 1 80 ± 2 2150 ± 107 5446 ± 211 S166C-i  20 ± 1 47 ±1 1488 ± 54  4556 ± 170 L217C^(b) 51 ± 4 5540 ± 798 L217C-a 204 ± 5 144± 4  10140 ± 231  8075 ± 144 L217C-b 175 ± 3 227 ± 6  9147 ± 167 8714 ±324 L217C-c 85 ± 1 5917 ± 200 L217C-d 105 ± 3 104 ± 2  8315 ± 171 9296 ±665 L217C-e 120 ± 4 184 ± 3  8015 ± 413 6696 ± 255 L217C-f  73 ± 2 79 ±2 6435 ± 169 5128 ± 163 L217C-i 118 ± 4 171 ± 7  7914 ± 272 7321 ± 330S156C^(b) 147 ± 8  —^(c) S156C-a 102 ± 2 98 ± 1 2468 ± 45  1928 ± 59 S156C-b  85 ± 3 90 ± 2 2284 ± 81  2528 ± 68  S156C-e  88 ± 2 92 ± 4 1796± 63  2179 ± 38 ^(a)The amidase assay was done at 0.05 and 0.1 mM N-Suc-AAPF-pNA in 0.1M Tris at pH 8.6, and the esterase assay was conducted at 0.015 and 0.03mM N-Suc-AAPF-SBn in 0.1 M Tris at pH 8.6. Assay errors are the meanstandard errors from sets of six replicates.^(b)k_(cat)/K_(M) obtained by full kinetic run of 8 substrateconcentrations and calculation of independent k_(cat) and K_(M) values.Errors were obtained from the curve-fitting errors in k_(cat) and K_(M).^(c)Determination of esterase k_(cat)/K_(M) for S156C was impossible dueto rapid reaction between the mutant and Ellman's reagent.

Discussion

Chiral auxiliaries are employed in asymmetric organic synthesis to blockone diastereotopic face of a molecule thus forcing the reaction to theother face which results in the formation of solely one diastereomer.The covalent coupling of enantiomerically pure (R) and (S) chiralauxiliary MTS ligands to SBL cysteine mutants has caused remarkablechanges in enzyme activity. We can attribute these changes uniquely tothe difference in spatial orientation at the ligand stereocenter whencomparing diastereomeric enzymes. The extraordinary differences incatalytic activity between diastereomeric enzymes can be compared inFIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C.

N62C

Of the N62C CMMs, the N62C-e set of diastereomeric CMMs is remarkablefor displaying both high catalytic activity and a large differencebetween diastereomers. N62C—(R)-e is both an excellent amidase (2.2 foldbetter than WT) and an excellent esterase (3.9 fold better than WT). Inaddition, the (S)-diastereomer is a good amidase (308 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) andesterase (6564 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹), but not as good as the (R)-diastereomer. Thus,there is a large difference between the two diastereomeric CMMs withrespect to esterase performance ((R) is 2.1 fold better than (S)) and amoderate difference in amidase activity. At the same time, the achiralmodified mutant (N62C-c) is only as good an amidase (181 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) as WTand a poorer esterase (9185 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) than N62C—(R)-e. Theseobservations indicate that not only does the addition of a phenyl groupat the 4 position of the oxazolidinone ring increase enzyme activity,but that the addition must be (R)-phenyl. Thus, the (R)-e modificationat N62C is affecting the enzyme in a unique manner. Individual k_(cat)and K_(M) values were determined for the three enzymes, N62C-c and theN62C-e set, and these results are presented in Table 2 along with WTvalues for comparison. It is obvious that the kinetic assay using thelow substrate approximation slightly underestimates the k_(cat)/K_(M)values, but the ratios of catalytic activity between diastereomericenzymes remains approximately the same. TABLE 2 Kinetic Parameters of WTand selected SBL CMMs^(a) amidase esterase k_(cat)/K_(M) k_(cat)/K_(M)k_(cat) K_(M) k_(cat)/K_(M) (mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) k_(cat) K_(M) k_(cat)/K_(M) (mM⁻¹s⁻¹) Enzyme (s⁻¹) (mM) (mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) assay (s⁻¹) (mM) (mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) assay WT153 ± 4 0.73 ± 0.05 209 ± 15 — 1940 ± 180 0.54 ± 0.07 3560 ± 540 —N62C-(R)-e 163 ± 2 0.26 ± 0.01 627 ± 26 458 ± 13 2894 ± 117 0.15 ± 0.0219293 ± 2895 13868 ± 920 N62C-(S)-e 164 ± 2 0.41 ± 0.02 400 ± 20 308 ±7  1106 ± 45  0.15 ± 0.02  7373 ± 1098  6564 ± 157 N62C-c 193 ± 3 0.63 ±0.03 307 ± 16 181 ± 6  3447 ± 66  0.26 ± 0.01 13258 ± 710   9185 ± 407^(a)Notation as in Table 1.

Modification of N62C with (R)-1e, (S)-1e and 1c decreases KM indicatingbetter binding of the substrate, and in the case of amidase activity, itis this KM effect that is the source of the increased k_(cat)/K_(M),since these N62C CMMs have similar k_(cat) values to the WT. However,the changes in esterase activity for these enzymes are more complex.N62C—(R)-e and N62C-c show significantly higher k_(cat) and lower K_(M)values than WT giving overall 5.4 fold and 3.7 fold respectively betteresterase activity than WT. The N62C—(S)-e CMM does not display thesecharacteristics. While it does bind the substrate very well and achievehalf its maximum turnover rate at low substrate concentration(K_(M)=0.15 mM), its k_(cat) (1106 s⁻¹) is much lower than WT.Therefore, it appears that a 4R-phenyl substitution on the oxazolidinoneimproves overall catalytic performance by increasing k_(cat) andlowering K_(M).

In an attempt to improve on these results, the ethyl linked phenyl andbenzyl oxazolidinone N62C CMMs were prepared (N62C-g and N62C-h).Surprisingly, there was a reversal of which modification made the bestenzyme. In the case of the propyl linked CMMs (N62C-e and N62C-f), the(R) modification was the best amidase and esterase for both phenyl andbenzyl groups. However, the (S) modification was the best when thesesame groups were ethyl linked. This brings to mind the flipping ofsubstrate preference for transesterification reactions catalyzed by WTfrom (S) to (R) and back to (S) for secondary alcohols, β-branchedprimary alcohols and γ-branched primary alcohols respectively (Lloyd etal. (1998) Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 9: 551-561). However, in the presentsituation, the substrate does not change. Rather, the ability of theenzyme to convert substrate to product is altered depending upon thestereocentre of the covalently linked ligand as well as the number ofbonds present in the link between the enzyme backbone and thestereocentre.

S166C

Modifications at S166C produced many sets of diastereomeric CMMs withlarge differences in activity. Primarily, the 1a, 1b, 1f, 1g, 1h and 1imodifications produced CMMs with greater then 2 fold variances betweendiastereomeric CMMs. The largest difference of any set of CMMs wasachieved with S166C-b which has a [k_(cat)/K_(M) (R)]/[k_(cat)/K_(M)(S)] ratio of 3.2. Notably, the modifications with the phenyl and benzyloxazolidinones at S166C reverse which diastereomeric CMM has greatercatalytic activity in a way similar to the same modifications at N62C.However, at S166C the reversal is caused by the addition of a methyleneunit directly to the stereocentre of the oxazolidinone ligand. The(R)-phenyl oxazolidinone modifications ((R)-e and (R)-g) produce S166CCMMs that are better than the (S) analogs, but the (S)-benzyloxazolidinones ((S)-f and (S)-h) give significantly better S166C CMMsthan the (R).

Though none of these CMMs showed significantly greater than WT activity,S166C—(S)-g and S166C—(S)-i are good esterases (4069 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹ and 4556mM⁻¹ s⁻¹ respectively) and have high esterase/amidase ratios of 110 and97 making them good candidates as peptide ligation catalysts (FIG. 7A).S166C—(S)-a and S166C—(S)-b have relatively high esterase/amidase ratios(48 and 62) compared to S166C (4) and WT, but these two CMMs are verypoor esterases. Interestingly, for chiral modifications at S1166C, the(S)-ligand consistently gives a CMM with a higher esterase to amidaseratio than the (R)-ligand, except in the case of the if where the twodiastereomeric enzymes have similar ratios.

L217C

The chiral modifications at L217C produced many CMMs that could be usedas peptide ligation catalysts due to their high esterase/amidase ratio(FIG. 7B). L217C—(S)-d has a very high esterase k_(cat)/K_(M) (9296 mM⁻¹μl) and a low amidase value (104 mM⁻¹ s⁻¹) giving it a relatively highesterase/amidase ratio of 89. L217C—(R)-f has a similar ratio of 88 anda good esterase k_(cat)/K_(M) (6435 mM⁻¹s⁻¹). While it is true that theL217C has the highest ratio in the group (109), this is mitigated by itslower esterase k_(cat)/K_(M) (5540 mM⁻ s⁻¹). Therefore, these CMMsshould catalyze very efficiently the formation of peptide bonds from anester acyl donor and amine nucleophile. No large differences wereobserved between diastereomeric CMMs.

S156C

Modification of S156C by 1a, 1b and 1e revealed no enzymes with eitherhigh activity or large difference between diastereomers. This is notsurprising, because the S156C side chain is surface exposed, so it isprobable that the ligand modifier points out of the pocket or is notclosely associated with the pocket. For this reason, the kinds of subtlevariations expected due to spatial orientation were not found at S156C.As a result, no further modifications were made of this mutant.

CONCLUSION

It has been found that the modification of cysteine mutants of SBL withenantiomerically pure MTS ligands effects considerable changes in enzymeactivity. Amidase and esterase kinetic assays using a low substrateapproximation, found up to 3 fold differences in activity betweendiastereomeric enzymes. N62C—(R)-e was particularly remarkable. It'samidase k_(cat)/K_(M) was 1.56 fold better than it's diastereomer,N62C—(S)-e, and 3 fold better than WT. Also, the esterase k_(cat)/K_(M)of N62C—(R)-e was 2.6 fold better than it's diastereomer and 5.4 foldbetter than WT. Changing the length of the carbon chain linking thephenyl or benzyl oxazolidinone ligand to N62C by a methylene unitreverses which diastereomeric enzyme is more active. In a similarfashion, changing from a phenyl to benzyl oxazolidinone ligand at S166Creverses which diastereomeric enzyme is more active. Work is in progressinvestigating the peptide ligation and transesterification capabilitiesof the CMMs discussed in this paper. In addition, the attachment ofenantiomerically pure ligands containing charged groups to SBL mutantsis being pursued.

Experimental

The N62C, L217C, S166C, and S156C mutants of subtilisin Bacillus lentuswere prepared and purified by the general method (Stabile et al. (1996)Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 6: 2501-2506). Spectrophotometric measurementswere made on a Perkin-Elmer Lamda 2 spectrophotometer.

Melting Points were determined using an Electrothermal IA9000 seriesDigital Melting Point Apparatus, and are uncorrected. Optical Rotationdata were obtained using a Perkin Elmer 243B polarimeter. Compounds wereidentified by their ¹H (200 MHz) and ¹³C (50.3 MHz) NMR spectra, runusing a Varian Gemini NMR spectrometer, and

HRMS data were acquired using a Micromass 70-250S (double focussing)mass spectrometer for EI spectra and a Micromass ZAB-SE for FAB spectra.Enantiomeric excesses of methanethiosulfonates ((R)-1a, (S)-1a, (R)-1band (S)-1b) were determined by HPLC on a Chiralcel OJ column using ahexane:isopropanol eluent system. Enantiomeric excesses (ee) of bromides((R)-18, (S)-18, (R)-19, (S)-19, (R)-20, (S)-20, (R)-21, (S)-21, (R)-22,(S)-22, (R)-25 and (S)-25) were determined by HPLC on a Chiralcel ODcolumn using the same eluent system.

Preparation of Methanethiosulfonate Reagents

(R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethylmethanethiosulfonate ((R)-1a)

(R)-mandelic acid (4.678 g, 30.75 nmol) was dissolved in 6M NaOH (50 mL,300 mmol) and dimethyl sulfate (14.6 mL, 154 mmol) was added over 1 hrso that the temperature stayed at 50° C. After another hr of stirring,H₂O (50 mL) was added, and the solution was acidified to pH 1 with 12MHCl. The mixture was saturated with NaCl, extracted with EtOAc (3×100mL), and the extracts dried with Na₂SO₄. After filtration andevaporation under reduced pressure, the solid was pulverized, refluxedin hexanes (100 mL) for 15 min and hot filtered. The insoluble(R)-mandelic acid (2.71 g, 58%) was recovered, and the hexanesevaporated under reduced pressure to give (R)-2-methoxy-mandelic acid,(R)-3 (1.91 g, 37%) which was used directly in the next step.

(R)-3 (1.91 g, 11.46 mmol), was placed under Ar and dry THF (15 mL) wasadded. The resulting solution was cooled to 0° C. and 1M BH₃.THF (17.2mL, 17.2 mmol) was added over 1 min. The ice bath was removed, and thereaction was allowed to warm to 20° C. After stirring overnight, thereaction mixture was poured into a stirred mixture of EtOAc (200mL)/saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL). The aqueous layer was saturatedwith NaCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined EtOAcfractions were dried with MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated under reducedpressure. Flash Chromatography was conducted using a step gradient (25%EtOAc/75% hexanes to 33% EtOAc/67% hexanes) to give(R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-ethanol, (R)-6 (1.26 g, 72%), as a colorlessoil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−114.6 (c 1.27, EtOH) [Aller et al. (1995) J. Org.Chem., 60: 4449-4460, [α]²⁵ _(D) −117.3 (c 1.006, EtOH)]; IR, ¹H NMR and¹³C NMR data were identical to the literature (Barrett and Rys (1995)Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1: 1009-1017).

(R)-6 (1.25 g, 8.213 mmol) and Et₃N (2.29 mL, 16.43 mmol) were dissolvedin CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) under Ar and cooled to 0° C. MsCl (0.95 mL, 12.27mmol) was added over 1 min, and stirred for 10 min. The ice bath wasremoved, and the solution was stirred overnight. The reaction was pouredinto EtOAc (200 mL)/saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL), stirred andsaturated with NaCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×150mL), and the combined organic fractions were dried with MgSO₄. Afterfiltration and evaporation under reduced pressure, the crude product waspurified by flash chromatography using 50% EtOAc/50% hexanes to give(R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-ethylmethanesulfonate, (R)-8, quantitatively(1.88 g) as a colorless oil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−97.4 (c 1.36, CHCl₃); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 7.30-7.40 (5H, m), 4.47-4.52 (1H, m), 4.20-4.36 (2H, m), 3.30(3H, s), 2.99 (3H, s); ³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 136.6, 128.8, 126.9, 81.5, 72.7,57.0, 37.6.

(R)-8 (1.88 g, 8.160 mmol) and LiBr (3.54 g, 40.76 mmol) were refluxedin freshly distilled acetone (20 mL) for 20 hr under a CaCl₂ dryingtube. After cooling and evaporation to dryness under reduced pressure,hexanes (30 mL) were added and the mixture filtered. The filtrate wasevaporated under reduced pressure, and flash chromatography of the crudeproduct was done using a step gradient (hexanes to 5% EtOAc/95% hexanes)to give (R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-ethyl bromide, (R)-10, (1.284 g, 73%),as a colorless oil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−71.6 (c 1.26, MeOH) [Casey et al. (1969)Am. Chem. Soc., 91: 2789-2790 for the (S) enantiomer [α]²⁵ _(D)=+73(MeOH)]; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.31-7.40 (5H, m), 4.36-4.42 (1H, m),3.45-3.60 (2H, m), 3.32 (3H, s); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 139.0, 128.6, 128.5,126.7, 83.4, 57.2, 36.2; HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₉H₁₁OBr, 213.9993;found, 213.9988.

(R)-10 (1.28 g, 5.951 mmol) and sodium methanethiosulfonate (10.4 g,7.752 mmol) were dissolved in dry DMF (10 mL) under Ar and heated to 70°C. After stirring for 24 hr, the DMF was evaporated under reducedpressure. The crude product was dissolved in EtOAc, filtered, and thefiltrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. flash chromatographyusing a step gradient (5% EtOAc/95% hexanes to 33% EtOAc/67% hexanes)gave the tile compound, (R)-1a (1.235 g, 84%, ee ≧98%), as a colorlessoil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−90.4 (c 0.94, CHCl₃); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.31-7.39 (5H,m), 4.42-4.48 (1H, m), 3.41-3.46 (2H, m), 3.27 (3H, s), 3.24 (3H, s);¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 139.0, 128.7, 128.5, 126.6, 82.3, 56.9, 50.3, 43.4;HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd for C₁₀H₁₄O₃S₂+H, 247.0463; found, 247.0470.

(S)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethylmethanethiosulfonate ((S)-1a)

(S)-3 was prepared in the same manner as the (R)-3. From (S)-mandelicacid (4.00 g, 26.29 mmol) was obtained (S)-1 (1.301 g, 30%).

(S)-6 was prepared in the same manner as the (R)-6. From (S)-3 (1.20 g,7.221 mmol) was obtained (S)-6 (0.903 g, 82%). It's IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³CNMR data were identical to (R)-6. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+115.0 (c 1.26, EtOH).

(S)-8 was prepared in the same manner as the (R)-8. From (S)-6 (0.883 g,5.802 mmol) was obtained (S)-8 (1.33 g, 100%). It's ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMRdata were identical to (R)-8. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+95.0 (c 1.70, CHCl₃).

(S)-10 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-10. From (S)-8 (1.33 g,5.773-mmol) was obtained (S)-10 (1.02 g, 81%). It's ‘H NMR and ’³C NMRdata were identical to (R)-10. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+72.4 (c 1.15, MeOH).

(S)-1a was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1a. From (S)-10 (1.00 g,4.649 mmol) was obtained (S)-1a (0.961 g, 84%, ee ≧98%). It's ¹H NMR and³C NMR data were identical to (R)-1a. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+93.8 (c 1.002, CHCl₃);HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd for C₁₀H₁₄O₃S₂+H, 247.0463; found, 247.0474.

(R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethylmethanethiosulfonate ((R)-1b)

(R)-Mandelic acid (2.568 g, 16.87 mmol) and 2,2-dimethoxypropane (5.1mL, 41.48 mmol) were dissolved in MeOH (100 mL) and 12M HCl (100 mL) wasadded. The resulting solution was stirred for 20 hr under a CaCl₂ tubeand evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. EtOAc (100 mL) andsaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) were added, and the aqueous phase wasextracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The organic fractions were dried withMgSO₄, and evaporated under reduced pressure to give (R)-methylmandelate, (R)-4, quantitatively (2.78 g) as a white solid which was ofsufficient purity for the next step.

(R)-4 (1.695 g, 10.20 mmol) and Hunig's base (6.22 mL, 35.70 mmol) weredissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) at 0° C. under Ar. MOM-Cl (2.32 mL,30.55 mmol) was dripped into the solution over 1 min, and the reactionwas stirred at 20° C. for 16 hr. The solution was poured into a mixtureof EtOAc (200 mL)/ice/3M HCl (100 mL) and stirred for 5 min. The aqueouslayer was extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL), and the combined organicfractions were dried with MgSO₄. Flash Chromatography was performedusing a step gradient (10% EtOAc/90% hexanes to 25% EtOAc/75% hexanes)to give (R)-2methyloxymethoxy methyl mandelate, (R)-5 (1.935 g, 90%), asa colorless oil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−133.5 (c 1.41, CHCl₃); [Barrett and Rys(1995) Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1: 1009-1017, for the (S) enantiomer[α]²⁵ _(D)=+5.9 (c 1.11, CHCl₃); IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data wereidentical to the literature (Barrett and Rys, Chem. (1995) Soc. PerkinTrans. 1: 1009-1017).

(R)-5 (1.924 g, 9.152 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (50 mL) at 0° C.under Ar, and LiBH₄ (0.498 g, 22.87 mmol) was added. The reaction wasstirred for 16 hr at 20° C., and then poured into a stirred mixture ofEtOAc (200 mL)/saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (150 mL). After the reaction hadsubsided, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL), and thecombined organic fractions were dried with MgSO₄. The crude product waspurified by flash chromatography using a step gradient (25% EtOAc/75%hexanes to 33% EtOAc/67% hexanes) to give(R)-2-methyloxymethoxy-2-phenyl-1-ethanol, (R)-7 (1.63 g, 98%), as acolorless oil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−189.9 (c 1.72, CHCl₃); [1 Ko and Eliel (1986)J. Org. Chem., 51: 5353-5362 for the (S) enantiomer [α]²⁰ _(D)=+196 (c2.67, CHCl₃)]; IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data were identical to theliterature (Ko and Eliel (1986) J. Org. Chem., 51, 5353-5362).

(R)-2-methyloxymethoxy-2-phenyl-1-ethylmethanesulfonate, (R)-9, wasprepared in the same manner as (R)-8. (R)-7 (1.530 g, 8.396 mmol) wasconverted quantitatively to (R)-9 (2.175 g). [α]²⁵ _(D)=−141.6 (c 1.10,CHCl₃); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.35 (5H, s), 4.89-4.95 (1H, m), 4.56-4.65 (2H,AB q), 4.25-4.40 (2H, m), 3.36 (3H, s), 2.95 (3H, s); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ136.6, 128.7, 127.1, 94.4, 75.5, 72.3, 55.6, 37.4.

(R)-2-methyloxymethoxy-2-phenyl-1-ethyl bromide, (R)-11, was prepared inthe same manner as (R)-10. (R)-9 (2.035 g, 7.817 mmol) was converted to(R)-11 (1.536 g, 80%). [α]²⁵ _(D)=−130.9 (c 1.29, MeOH); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃)δ 7.35 (5H, s), 4.82-4.88 (1H, m), 4.57-4.66 (2H, AB q), 3.49-3.65 (2H,m), 3.43 (3H, s); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 139.0, 128.6, 128.5, 126.9, 94.5,77.7, 55.8, 36.2; HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₀H₁₃O₂Br, 244.0099; found,244.0091.

(R)-2-methyloxymethoxy-2-phenyl-1-ethylmethanethiosulfonate, (R)-12, wasprepared in the same manner as (R)-1a. (R)-10 (1.458 g, 5.948 mmol) wasconverted to (R)-12 (1.005 g, 61%). [α]²⁵ _(D)=−149.6 (c 2.23, CHCl₃);¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.36 (5H, s), 4.88-4.94 (1H, m), 4.56 (2H, s),3.48-3.51 (2H, m), 3.40 (3H, s), 3.23 (3H, s); ³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 139.0,128.7, 128.6, 126.9, 94.3, 76.3, 55.9, 50.5, 43.4; HRMS (FAB+) m/z:calcd for C₁₁H₁₆O₄S₂+H, 277.0569; found, 277.0600.

(R)-12 (0.864 g, 3.126 mmol) was suspended in H₂O (10 mL) andtrifluoroacetic acid (10 mL) was added at 0° C. The solution was stirredat 20° C. for 40 hr, and the volatiles were evaporated under reducedpressure to near dryness. H₂O (20 mL) was added, and the suspension wasevaporated to dryness. Finally, toluene (50 mL) was added, and thesolution was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purified byflash chromatography using a step gradient (25% EtOAc/75% hexanes to 33%EtOAc/67% hexanes) to give the title compound, (R)-1b (0.689 g, 95%, ee≧98%), as white crystals. An analytical sample was recrystallized fromether/hexanes. mp 48.5-49.5° C.; [α]²⁵ _(D)=−63.1 (c 0.89, CHCl₃); IR(neat) 3470 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.38 (5H, s), 5.00-5.06 (1H, m),3.44-3.49 (2H, m), 3.26 (3H, s), 2.60 (1H, br s); ³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ141.5, 128.7, 128.5, 125.9, 73.0, 50.5, 44.8; HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd forC₉H₁₂O₃S₂+H, 233.0307; found, 233.0326.

(S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethylmethanethiosulfonate ((S)-1b)

(s)-4 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-4. From (S)-mandelic acid(3.176 g, 20.87 mmol) was obtained crude (s)-4 (3.45 g, quantitative)which was used directly in the next step.

(S)-5 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-5. From (S)-4 (3.45 g,20.76 mmol) was obtained (s)-5 (3.014 g, 69%). It's ¹H NMR and ³C NMRdata were identical to (R)-5. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+131.6 (c 1.74, CHCl₃).

(S)-7, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-7. From (S)-5 (2.995 g,14.25 mmol) was obtained (S)-7 (2.565 g, 99%) It's ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMRdata were identical to (R)-7. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+193.2 (c 1.30, CHCl₃).

(S)-9 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-9. From (S)-7 (2.467 g,13.54 mmol) was obtained (S)-9 (3.486 g, 99%). It's ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMRdata were identical to (R)-9. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+135.5 (c 1.40, CHCl₃).

(S)-11, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-11. From (S)-9 (3.486 g,13.39 mmol) was obtained (S)-11 (2.822 g, 86%). It's ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMRdata were identical to (R)-11. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+125.8 (c 1.21, MeOH).

(S)-12 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-12. From (S)-11 (0.863 g,3.521 mmol) was obtained (S)-12 (0.541 g, 56%). It's ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMRdata were identical to (R)-12. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+153.4 (c 2.43, CHCl₃).

The title compound, (S)-1b, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1b.From (S)-12 (0.526 g, 1.903 mmol) was obtained (S)-1b (0.419 g, 95%, ee≧98%), as white crystals which were recrystallized from ether/hexanes.It's ‘H NMR and ’³C NMR data were identical to (R)-1b. mp 47.0-48.0° C.;[α]²⁵ _(D)=+63.3 (c 1.676, CHCl₃); HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd forC₉H₁₂O₃S₂+H, 233.0307; found,

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-2-oxazolidinone (1c)

To a cooled solution (15-20° C.) of 1,3-dibromopropane (6.4 mL, 63.05mmol) in dry DMSO (5 mL) was added ground KOH (0.920 g, 16.40 mmol).2-Oxazolidinone (1.100 g, 12.63 mmol) was added in small amounts over 5min, and the reaction was stirred for 4 hr at 20° C. The mixture wasdiluted with ether (100 mL) and H₂O (20 mL), and the aqueous phase wasextracted with ether (3×50 mL). After drying with MgSO₄, the crudeproduct was purified by flash chromatography using a step gradient (25%EtOAc/75% hexanes to 50% EtOAc/50% hexanes) to giveN-(3′-bromopropyl)-2-oxazolidinone, 17 (1.48 g, 56%). IR (neat) 1747cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.30 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 3.57 (2H, t, J=8.2 Hz),3.33-3.43 (4H, q), 2.03-2.17 (2H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.4, 61.7,45.0, 43.0, 30.4, 29.9; HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd for C₆H₁₀NO₂Br, 207.9972;found, 207.9957.

The title compound, 1c, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1a. 17(1.316 g, 6.325 mmol) was converted to 1c (1.013 g, 67%). It wasrecrystallized from EtOAc/ether. mp 36-37.5° C.; IR (neat) 1748 cm⁻¹; ¹HNMR (CDCl₃) δ 4.32 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.56 (2H, t, J=8.4 Hz), 3.35 (2H,t, J=6.7 Hz), 3.31 (3H, s), 3.14 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.96-2.10 (2H, m);¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.5, 61.7, 50.4, 44.6, 42.9, 33.2, 27.6; HRMS (FAB+)m/z: calcd for C₇H₁₃NO₄S₂+H, 240.0364; found, 240.0365.

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-(R)-4-isopropyl-2-oxazolidinone((R)-1d)

N-(3′-bromopropyl)-(R)-4-isopropyl-2-oxazolidinone, (R)-18, was preparedin the same manner as 17. From (R)-4-isopropyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.518 g,4.011 mmol) was obtained (R)-18 (0.626 g, 62%, ee ≧98%), as a colorlessoil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−2.7 (c 1.87, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1748 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 4.20 (1H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 4.04 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 5.3), 3.69-3.77(1H, m), 3.47-3.58 (1H, m), 3.40 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.06-3.20 (1H, m),2.25 1.99 (3H, m), 0.86 (6H, t, J=7.4 Hz); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.3,62.7, 59.6, 40.6, 30.2, 27.7, 17.5, 14.2; HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd forC₉H₁₆NO₂Br, 250.0441; found, 250.0419.

The title compound, (R)-1d was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1a.(R)-18 (0.530 g, 2.119 mmol) was converted to (R)-1d (0.492 g, 83%).[α]²⁵ _(D)=−22.3 (c 1.37, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1744 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ4.25 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 4.07 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 5.4 Hz), 3.73-3.81 (1H, m),3.50-3.65 (1H, m), 3.33 (3H, s), 3.07-3.21 (3H, m), 1.98-2.13 (3H, m),0.90 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 0.86 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.6,62.9, 59.2, 50.5, 40.5, 33.5, 27.9, 27.6, 17.6, 14.2; HRMS (FAB+) m/z:calcd for C₁₀H₁₉NO₄S₂+H, 282. 0834; found, 282.0842.

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-(S)-4-isopropyl-2-oxazolidinone((S)-1d)

(S)-18 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-18. From(S)-4-isopropyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.504 g, 3.902 mmol) was obtained(S)-18 (0.558 g, 57%, ee ≧98%)). Its ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data wereidentical to (R)-18. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+3.4 (c 3.42, CHCl₃).

The title compound, (S)-1d, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1d.From (S)-18 (0.493 g, 1.971 mmol) was obtained (S)-1d (0.435 g, 78%).Its ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data were identical to (R)-1d. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+23.2(2.27, CHCl₃); HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₀H₁₉NO₄S₂+H, 282. 0834; found,282.0833.

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-(R)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone ((R)-1e)

N-(3′-bromopropyl)-(R)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone, (R)-0.19, was preparedin the same manner as 17. From (R)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.322 g,1.970 mmol) was obtained (R)-19 (0.370 g, 66%, ee ≧98%), as a colorlessoil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−35.8 (c 3.10, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1748 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 7.26-7.45 (5H, m), 4.79 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 6.3 Hz), 4.63 (1H, dd,J=8.6, 8.6 Hz), 4.15 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 6.4 Hz), 3.30-3.54 (3H, m),2.89-3.03 (1H, m), 1.90-2.12 (2H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.2, 137.7,129.3, 129.2, 126.9, 69.8, 60.3, 41.1, 30.2, 29.9; HRMS (EI) m/z: calcdfor C₁₂H₁₄NO₂Br, 283.0208; found, 283.0197.

The title compound, (R)-1e, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1a.(R)-19 (0.346 g, 1.218 mmol) was converted to (R)-1e (0.344 g, 89%).[α]²⁵ _(D)=−70.5 (c 0.84, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1746 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ7.26-7.43 (5H, m), 4.81 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 6.6 Hz), 4.65 (1H, dd, J=8.6,8.6 Hz), 4.16 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 6.6 Hz), 3.40-3.55 (1H, m), 3.29 (3H, s),2.90-3.15 (3H, m), 1.82-1.97 (2H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.4, 137.5,129.4, 129.3, 127.1, 69.9, 60.0, 50.6, 41.0, 33.4, 27.5; HRMS (FAB+)m/z: calcd for C₁₃H₁₇NO₄S₂+H, 316.0678; found, 316.0678.

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone ((S)-1e)

(S)-19 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-19. From(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.964 g, 5.911 mmol) was obtained (S)-19(0.955 g, 57%, ee ≧98%)). Its ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data were identical to(R)-19. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+33.3 (c 2.50, CHCl₃).

The title compound, (S)-1e, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1e.From (S)-19 (0.870 g, 3.062 mmol) was obtained (S)-1e (0.814 g, 84%).Its ¹H NMR and

¹³C NMR data were identical to (R)-1e. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+68.8 (1.21, CHCl₃);HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₃H₁₇NO₄S₂+H, 316.0678; found, 316.0683.

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone ((R)-1f)

N-(3′-bromopropyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone, (R)-20, was prepared inthe same manner as 17. From (R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.499 g, 2.816mmol) was obtained (R)-20 (0.454 g, 54%, ee ≧98%), as a colorless oil.[α]²⁵ _(D)=−14.3 (c 2.06, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1751 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ7.14-7.36 (5H, m), 3.96-4.21 (3H, m), 3.10-3.65 (5H, m), 2.61-2.72 (1H,m), 2.04-2.27 (2H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.0, 135.2, 128.9, 128.8,127.1, 66.7, 56.6, 40.8, 38.5, 30.5, 30.2; HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd forC₁₃H₁₆NO₂Br, 298.0441; found, 298.0416.

The title compound, (R)-1f, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1a.(R)-20 (0.364 g, 1.221 mmol) was converted to (R)-1f (0.362 g, 90%).[α]²⁵ _(D)=−31.7 (c 1.33, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1745 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ7.14-7.34 (5H, m), 3.98-4.21 (3H, m), 3.48-3.61 (1H, m), 3.32 (3H, s),3.04-3.30 (4H, m), 2.61-2.73 (1H, m), 1.98-2.11 (2H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃)δ 158.2, 135.2, 128.9, 128.8, 127.1, 66.7, 56.1, 50.4, 40.7, 38.4, 33.3,27.8; HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd for C₁₄H₁₉NO₄S₂+H, 330.0834; found,330.0834.

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone ((S)-1f)

(S)-20 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-20. From(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.504 g, 2.844 mmol) was obtained (S)-20(0.558 g, 66%, ee ≧98%)). Its ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data were identical to(R)-20. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+14.1 (c 2.50, CHCl₃).

The title compound, (S)-1f, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1f.From (S)-20 (0.449 g, 1.506 mmol) was obtained (S)-1f (0.458 g, 92%).Its ‘H NMR and ’³C NMR data were identical to (R)-1f. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+29.9(1.19, CHCl₃); HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₄H₁₉NO₄S₂+H, 330.0834; found,330.0844.

N-(2′-methanethiosulfonatoethyl)-(R)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone ((R)-1g)

N-(3′-bromoethyl)-(R)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone, (R)-21, was prepared inthe same manner as 17, except 10 eq of 1,2-dibromoethane and 3 eq of KOHwere used. From (R)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.261 g, 1.599 mmol) wasobtained (R)-21 (0.387 g, 90%, ee ≧98%), as a colorless oil. [α]²⁵_(D)=−54.1 (c 1.80, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1749 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ7.26-7.46 (5H, m), 4.98 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 6.6 Hz), 4.67 (1H, dd, J=8.8,8.8 Hz), 4.16 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 6.6 Hz), 3.75-3.87 (1H, m), 3.42-3.53 (1H,m), 3.12-3.36 (2H, m);

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.0, 137.4, 129.4, 129.3, 127.0, 70.0, 60.4, 43.8,28.6; HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₁H₁₂NO₂Br, 269.0051; found, 269.0055.

The title compound, (R)-1g, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1a.(R)-21 (0.392 g, 1.462 mmol) was converted to (R)-1g (0.320 g, 73%).[α]²⁵ _(D)=−28.8 (c 1.32, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1749 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ7.29-7.43 (5H, m), 4.88 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 6.6 Hz), 4.67 (1H, dd, J=8.8,8.8 Hz), 4.18 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 6.5 Hz), 3.59-3.76 (1H, m), 3.28 (3H, s),3.10-3.26 (3H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.1, 137.3, 129.4, 129.3, 127.1,69.9, 60.3, 50.7, 41.8, 33.6; HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₂H₁₅NO₄S₂+H,302.0521; found, 302.0529.

N-(2′-methanethiosulfonatoethyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone ((S)-1g)

(S)-21, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-21. From(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.381 g, 2.335 mmol) was obtained (S)-21(0.564 g, 89%, ee ≧98%)). Its ‘H NMR and ’³C NMR data were identical to(R)-21. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+54.6 (c 1.85, CHCl₃).

The title compound, (S)-1g, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1g.From (S)-21 (0.532 g, 1.969 mmol) was obtained (S)-1g (0.450 g, 76%).Its ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data were identical to (R)-1g. [α]25D=+27.8(1.30, CHCl₃); HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₂H₁₅NO₄S₂+H, 302.0521; found,302.0534.

N-(2′-methanethiosulfonatoethyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone ((R)-1h)

N-(3′-bromoethyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone, (R)-22, was prepared inthe same manner as 17, except 10 eq of 1,2-dibromoethane and 3 eq of KOHwere used. From (R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.386 g, 2.178 mmol) wasobtained (R)-22 (0.372 g, 60%, ee ≧98%), as a colorless oil. [α]²⁵_(D)=−16.7 (c 1.35, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1748 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ7.12-7.40 (5H, m), 3.81-4.30 (4H, m), 3.38-3.63 (3H, m), 3.11-3.20 (1H,m), 2.66-2.76 (1H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 157.8, 135.2, 129.0, 127.3,67.1, 56.9, 44.1, 38.7, 29.1; HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₂H₁₄NO₂Br,284.0286; found, 284.0281.

The title compound, (R)-1h, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1a.(R)-22 (0.334 g, 1.175 mmol) was converted to (R)-1h (0.363 g, 98%).[α]²⁵ _(D)=+4.5 (c 1.10, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1748 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ7.15-7.39 (5H, m), 4.02-4.29 (3H, m), 3.72-3.89 (1H, m), 3.14-3.58 (4H,m), 3.38 (3H, s), 2.65-2.75 (1H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 158.1, 135.2,129.0, 127.3, 67.2, 57.0, 50.7, 42.0, 38.7, 33.9; HRMS (EI) m/z: calcdfor C₁₃H₁₇NO₄S₂+H, 316.0677; found, 316.0683.

N-(2′-methanethiosulfonatoethyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone ((S)-1h)

(S)-22 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-22. From(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone (0.371 g, 2.094 mmol) was obtained (S)-22(0.375 g, 63%, ee ≧98%)). Its ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data were identical to(R)-22. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+15.6 (c 1.56, CHCl₃).

The title compound, (S)-1h, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1h.From (S)-22 (0.328 g, 1.154 mmol) was obtained (s)-1h (0.245 g, 67%).Its ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data were identical to (R)-1h. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−5.8 (c1.20, CHCl₃); HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₃H₁₇NO₄S₂+H, 316.0677; found,316.0664.

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-(3aR-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one((R)-1i)

(1R, 2S)-cis-1-amino-2-indanol (0.980 g, 6.569 mmol) was placed in around-bottomed flask and a dry Ar atmosphere was established. Dry CH₂Cl₂(50 mL) and Et₃N (1.9 mL, 13.63 mmol) were added, and the resultingsolution was cooled to −60° C. On addition of triphosgene (0.64 g, 2.157mmol), the cooling bath was removed, and the reaction was allowed towarm to 20° C. over one hour. The reaction was then poured into CH₂Cl₂(100 mL) and H₂O (50 mL) and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂(3×100 mL). After drying with MgSO₄, the organic layer was evaporatedunder reduced pressure to give(3aR-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one, (R)-24(1.15 g, quantitative) as white crystals, which was of sufficient purityfor the next step in the reaction sequence. An analytical sample wasrecrystallized from CH₂Cl₂/hexanes. mp 205.5-206.5° C.; [Ghosh et al.(1992) J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1673-1674 for enantiomer mp 205° C.];[α]²⁵ _(D)=+107.7 (c 1.25, CHCl₃); [Id. for enantiomer [α]²⁵ _(D)=−79.4(c 1.4, CHCl₃)]. IR (KBr) 3255, 1752, 1707 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (acetone-d6) δ7.24-7.43 (4H, m), 5.39 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 5.21 (1H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 3.42(1H, dd, J=17.7, 6.2 Hz), 3.20 (1H, d, 17.9 Hz), 2.90 (1H, br s); ¹³CNMR (acetone-d6) δ 159.1, 142.5, 141.0, 129.7, 128.3, 126.2, 125.8,80.8, 61.7, 39.3; HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd for C₁₀H₉NO₂+H, 176.0771;found, 176.0681.

N-(3′-bromopropyl)-(3aR-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one,(R)-25, was prepared in the same manner as 17. From (R)-24 (1.007 g,5.748 mmol) was obtained (R)-25 (1.11 g, 65%, ee ≧98%), as a colorlessoil. [α]²⁵ _(D)=+31.3 (c 1.61, CHCl₃); IR (neat) 1748 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR(CDCl₃) δ 7.24-7.45 (4H, m), 5.31 (1H, dt, J=7.4, 3.1 Hz), 5.14 (1H, d,J=7.7 Hz), 3.23-3.70 (6H, m), 2.12-2.34 (2H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ157.1, 140.5, 138.0, 129.8, 127.4, 125.8, 125.1, 77.1, 64.1, 41.0, 39.3,30.4, 30.1; HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd for C₁₃H₁₄NO₂Br, 296.0285; found,296.0254.

The title compound, (R)-1i, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1a.(R)-25 (0.925 g, 3.123 mmol) was converted to (R)-1i (0.882 g, 86%). Itwas recrystallized from EtOAc/hexanes. mp 94.0-95.0° C.; [α]²⁵ _(D)+17.7(c 1.28, CHCl₃); IR (KBr) 1729 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.26-7.38 (4H, m),5.32 (1H, dt, J=7.4, 3.0 Hz), 5.14 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 3.36-3.69 (4H, m),3.32 (3H, s), 3.14-3.22 (2H, m), 2.10-2.23 (2H, m); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ157.2, 140.6, 137.9, 129.7, 127.4, 125.8, 125.0, 77.2, 63.7, 50.4, 40.9,39.2, 33.4, 27.5; HRMS (FAB+) m/z: calcd for C₁₄H₁₇NO₄S₂+H, 328.0677;found, 328.0683.

N-(3′-methanethiosulfonatopropyl)-(3aS-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one((S)-1i)

(S)-24 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-24. From (1S,2R)-cis-1-amino-2-indanol (1.09 g, 7.306 mmol) was obtained (S)-24 (1.27g, quantitative). Its ¹H NMR and ³C NMR data were identical to (R)-24.mp 205.0-207.0° C.; [α]²⁵ _(D)=−109.7 (c 1.30, CHCl₃).

(S)-25 was prepared in the same manner as (R)-25. From (S)-24 (1.023 g,5.839 mmol) was obtained (S)-25 (0.940 g, 54%, ee ≧98%). Its ¹H NMR and¹³C NMR data were identical to (R)-25. [α]²⁵ _(D)=−30.5 (c 1.82, CHCl₃).

The title compound, (S)-1i, was prepared in the same manner as (R)-1i.From (5)-25 (0.840 g, 2.836 mmol) was obtained (S)-1i (0.838 g, 90%). Itwas recrystallized from EtOAc/hexanes. Its ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR data wereidentical to (R)-1i. mp 94.0-95.0° C.; [α]²⁵ _(D)=−18.7 (c 1.38, CHCl₃);HRMS (EI) m/z: calcd for C₁₄H₁₇NO₄S₂+H, 328.0677; found, 328.0694.

Site-Specific Chemical Modification

To 1.25 mL of a SBL mutant stored in MES buffer (10 mM MES, 1 mM CaCl₂,pH 5.8) was added 0.75 mL CHES buffer (70 nmM CHES, 5 mM MES, 2 mMCaCl₂, pH 9.5) at 20° C. and one of the methanethiosulfonate reagents(100 μL of a 0.5 M solution in CH₃CN) in a PEG (10,000) coatedpolypropylene test tube, and the mixture agitated in an end-over-endrotator. After 30 min, all modification reactions were negative to theEllman's test indicating the absence of free thiol. In order to ensurecomplete reaction, a further 100 μL of methanethiosulfonate solution wasadded and the reaction was continued for another 30 min. The reactionsolution was purified on a disposable desalting column (PharmaciaBiotech PD-10, Sephadex G-25 M) pre-equilibrated with MES buffer (5 mMMES, 2 mM CaCl₂, pH 6.5). The CMM was eluted with MES-buffer (5.0 mL),dialyzed (MWCO 12 14,000) against MES buffer (10 mM MES, 1 mM CaCl₂, pH5.8) then flash frozen and stored at −20° C. Modified enzymes wereanalyzed by nondenaturing gradient (8-25%) gels at pH 4.2, run towardsthe cathode on the Pharmacia Phast-Systemä, (Pharmacia Application FileNo. 300) and appeared as one single band. Each of the CMMs was analyzedin parallel with its parent cysteine mutant and the WT enzyme.

Enzyme Characterization

Prior to ES-MS analysis, CMMs were purified by FPLC (BioRad, BiologicSystem) on a Source 15 RPC matrix (17-0727-20 from Pharmacia) with 5%acetonitrile, 0.01% TFA as the running buffer and eluted with 80%acetonitrile, 0.01% TFA in a one step gradient. Electrospray massspectra were recorded on a PE SCIEX API III Biomolecular Mass Analyzer.TABLE 3 Electro-spray Mass Spectra of CMMs^(a) Calculated Mass FoundMass Enzyme (R) (S) (R) (S) N62C-a 26853 26853 26855 26854 N62C-b 2683926839 26841 26838 N62C-c 26846 26850 N62C-d 26888 26888 26889 26889N62C-e 26922 26922 26921 26921 N62C-f 26936 26936 26939 26939 N62C-g26908 26908 26910 26907 N62C-h 26922 26922 26924 26924 N62C-i 2693426934 26937 26936 S166C-a 26880 26880 26881 26886 S166C-b 26866 2686626862 26872 S166C-c 26873 26877 S166C-d 26915 26915 26915 26916 S166C-e26949 26949 26950 26951 S166C-f 26963 26963 26964 26963 S166C-g 2693526935 26937 26934 S166C-h 26949 26949 26951 26949 S166C-i 26961 2696126964 26964 L217C-a 26854 26854 26850 26850 L217C-b 26840 26840 2684226840 L217C-c 26847 26847 L217C-d 26889 26889 26892 26892 L217C-e 2692326923 26922 26923 L217C-f 26937 26937 26938 26940 L217C-i 26935 2693526937 26937 S156C-a 26880 26880 26883 26883 S156C-b 26866 26866 2686626868 S156C-e 26949 26949 26949 26949^(a)mol. wt. ± 6 mass units in all cases

The free thiol content of N62C, L217C, S166C, S156C and their CMMs, wasdetermined spectrophotometrically by titration with Ellman's reagent(6412=13600 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹) (Ellman et al., (1961) Biochem. Pharmacol., 7:88-95) phosphate buffer 0.25 M, pH 8.0.

The active enzyme concentration was determined as previously described(Hsia et al. (1996) Anal. Biochem. 242: 221-227) by monitoring fluoriderelease upon enzyme reaction with a-toluenesulfonyl fluoride (AldrichChemical Co. Inc.) as measured by a fluoride ion sensitive electrode(Orion Research 96-09). The active enzyme concentration determined inthis way was used to calculate kinetic parameters for each CMM.

Kinetic Measurements

Specificity constants determined using the low substrate approximationwere measured at 0.05 and 0.1 mM N-Suc-AAPF-pNA at 25° C. in 0.1 M Triscontaining 0.005% Tween 80 and 1% DMSO at pH 8.6 for amidase activity(ε₄₁₀=8800 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹), and at 0.015 and 0.03 mM N-Suc-AAPF-SBn at 25° C.in 0.1 M Tris containing 0.005% Tween 80 and 1% 37.5 mM DTNB in DMSO atpH 8.6 for esterase activity (6412=13600 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹). A general runconsisted of equilibrating six plastic cuvettes containing 980 μL of 0.1M Tris, 0.005% Tween 80 at pH 8.6 to 25° C. The substrate (10 μL) inDMSO was added and the cuvette was shaken twice before returning it tothe machine for zeroing. Immediately, the enzyme (10 μL) in 20 mM MES, 1mM CaCl₂ at pH 5.8 was added and the cuvette was returned to the machinewith a eight sec delay. The initial rate data was recorded and used tocalculate k_(cat)/K_(M). Esterase data was adjusted to account forbackground hydrolysis of the substrate.

Michaelis-Menten constants were measured at 25° C. by curve fitting(GraFit® 3.03) of the initial rate data determined at eightconcentrations (0.05 mM-3.0 mM) of the N-Suc-AAPF-pNA substrate foramidase activity and eight concentrations (0.015 mM-2.0 mM) of theN-Suc-AAPF-SBn substrate for esterase activity.

Example 2 Chemically Modified Mutants of Subtilisin Bacillus lentusCatalyze Transesterification Reactions Better than Wild Type

In this example, a combined site-directed mutagenesis and chemicalmodification strategy was used to create superior enzyme catalysts forthe resolution of racemic primary and secondary alcohols using atransesterification reaction. The chemically modified mutant N62C—S—CH₃of subtilisin Bacillus lentus catalyze the transesterification ofN-acetyl-L-phenylalanine vinyl ester with β-branched primary alcoholsfaster than wild type. The cysteine mutant, M222C of subtilisin Bacilluslentus gave higher yields (90% and 92% yields with 1-phenylethanol and2-octanol respectively versus 19% and 10% for wild-type) and betterenantioselectivity than wild-type when secondary alcohols were used.

Hydrolase-catalyzed transesterifications are widely employed to resolveracemic alcohols and to stereoselectively acylate prochrial and mesodiols (Faber (1996) Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed.,Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg). In this regard, serine proteases havefound limited application in comparison to lipases and esterases (Id.).One reason for this is the high substrate specificity of many serineproteases compared to other hydrolases (Faber supra., Sears and Wong(1996) Biotechnol. Prog., 12: 423433). Recently, in an effort to extendthe synthetic potential of the serine protease subtilisin Bacilluslentus (SBL), we reported the use of N-Ac-L-Phe vinyl ester, 2 (FIG. 8),as an acyl donor SBL-catalyzed transesterification reactions withracemic alcohols (Lloyd et al. (1998) Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 9:551-561). This example illustrates the potential for improving theoverall chemical yield and degree of stereoselectivity for theseresolutions using a combined site directed mutagenesis and chemicalmodification strategy to alter the substrate specificity of SBL.

Cysteine mutants of SBL and chemically modified mutants (CMMs) wereprepared and characterized as described above and in Berglund et al.(196) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 6: 2507-2512) and the best esterasesamong them were selected for comparative evaluation (Plettner et al.(198) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 8: 2291-2296). Three CMMs(L217C—S—(CH₂)₂—SO₃—, N62C—S—(CH₂)₂—SO₃—, N62C—S—CH₃) and two mutantenzymes (L217C and M222C) were each embedded in a KCl matrix(KhmeInitsky et al. (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 116: 2647-2648) and usedto catalyze transesterification reactions in tert-BuOH between the acyldonor, 2, and racemic primary and secondary alcohols, 1 FIG. 8, aspreviously described Lloyd et al. (1998) Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 9:551-561). Two primary alcohols (2-phenyl-1-propanol and2-methyl-1-pentanol) and 1 secondary alcohol (2-octanol) were used asrepresentative nucleophiles for the study. The results are given inTable 4. L217C ante L217C—S—(CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻ CMM catalyzed the reaction withtwo primary alcohols in similar yields and de's to wild-type (WT), butonly L217C gave as good a yield as WT using 2-octanol as nucleophile.M222C gave lower yields for all 3 alcohols. N62C—S—(CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻ gave ahigher yield of product than WT when 2-phenyl-1-propanol was thenucleophile. For the reaction with 2-methyl-1-penatanol, usingN52-C—S—(CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻ as catalyst gave a significant improvement in thedes of the product ester (41%) over WT (26% de). Only one CMM catalyst,N62C—S—CH₃, gave marked increases in product yield for the two primaryalcohols (97% for 2-phenyl-1-propanol and 79% for 2-methyl-1-pentanol).No changes in stereochemical preferences from WT were observed for anyof the CMMs. TABLE 4 Yields and d.e. values of 3 from mutant andCMM-catalyzed reactions in t-BuOH at 50° C. 2-phenyl-1 2-methyl-1-propanol pentanol 2-octanol % Abs. % Abs. % Abs. Enzyme yield % de Conf.yield % de Conf. yield % de Conf. WT³ 53 30 R 58 26 R 20 >99 S M222C 2029 R 18 21 R 9 >99 S L217C 59 22 R 50 12 R 19 >99 S L217C—S—(CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻49 30 R 29 17 R <5 — S N62C—S—(CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻ 65 32 R 59 41 R 8 >99 SN62C—CH₃ 97 24 R 79 34 R 16 >99 SConditions: All reactions used 10 equiv. of alcohol, 1, and the acyldonor, 2, in t-BuOH at 50° C. for 24 hr (primary alcohols) or for 72hours (secondary alcohols) as previously described (Lloyd et al. (1998)Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 9: 551-561). All yields and de's (HPLC onChiralcel OD using a hexane:isopropanol eluent) are of purified product,3, which was identified by ¹H NMR.

The nature of the solvent and temperature have been known to influenceenantioselectivity (Lam et al. (1986) J. Org. Chem., 51-2047-2050,Holmberg and Hult (1991) Biotechnol. Lett., 13: 323-326), and theeffects of these parameters on the N62C—S—CH₃ catalyzedtransesterifications was considered next. In this study, CH₃CN wasselected as the illustrative solvent since the relatively slow rates intert-BuOH, even at 50° C., precluded the probing of low temperatureeffects. We included M22C in this part of our study, because it has beenfound that the M222A mutant of subtilisin BPN′ allowed a faster initialreaction of sterically hindered amine nucleophiles with ester acyldonors (Sears et al. (1994) J. AM. Chem. Soc., 116: 6521-6530). Theresults are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 Yields and d.e. values of 3 forreactions carried out in CH₃CN at 4° C. 2-phenyl-1 2-methyl-1-2-phenyl-1 propanol pentanol propanol 2-octanol % yield Abs. % yieldAbs. % yield Abs. % yield Abs. Enzyme % de Conf. % de Conf. % de Conf. %de Conf. WT 99, 37 R 91, 4  R 19, 84 S 10, 88 S  (48 hr)³  (24 hr)³ (50hr) (50 hr) M222C 71, 24 R 94, 9  R 98, 93 S 92, 95 S (24 hr) (16 hr)(44 hr) (44 hr) N62C—S—CH₃ 94, 45 R 95, 12 R 40, 80 S 50, 97 S (16 hr) (7 hr) (50 hr) (72 hr)Conditions: All reactions used 10 equiv. of alcohol, 1, and the acyldonor, 2, in CH3CN at 4° C. as described in Lloyd et al. (1998)Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 9: 551-561. All yields and de's (HPLC onChiralcell OD using a hexane:isopropanol eluent) are of purifiedproduct, 3, which was identified by ¹H NMR (Id.).

In CH₃CN at 4° C., M222C and N62-C—S—CH₃ performed better than WT.

Both enzymes catalyzed the transesterification of primary and secondaryalcohols faster than WT and with de's that were comparable to WT.Remarkably, they gave much higher yield of product ester than WT whenthe sterically hindered secondary alcohols were used as nucleophiles.

M222C gave almost quantitative yield product ester with 1-phenylethanoland an excellent yield (92%) of ester with 2-octanol. M222C improved thede of product ester to above 90% for both secondary alcohols andN62C—S—CH₃ gave product ester in 97% de for 2-octanol.

From these results, both N62C—S—CH₃ and M222C were seen to be bettertransesterification catalysts than WT. The reasons for this appear to bedifferent. N62C—S—CH₃ catalyzed the transesterification of primaryalcohols with 2 in higher yield and in shorter time than M222C, but thereverse was true for secondary alcohols where M222C efficiently coupled1-phenylethanol and 2-octanol with 2 in 98% and 92% yields respectively.Without being bound to a particular theory, we have proposed that WTgives lower yields with secondary alcohols because branching at theα-carbon of the alcohol is poorly tolerated by the S₁′ pocket(nomenclature according to Schechter and Berger (1967) Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., 27: 1570-162) of SBL. Residue 222 of SBL is at theboundary between the S₁- and S₁′-pockets, a region in close proximity toa location where the nucleophile would approach the acyl-enzymeintermediate in order to deacylate the enzyme and complete the catalyticcycle. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that if methionine isreplaced by the smaller cysteine at position 222, a larger space in thiscritical region would permit more sterically hindered nucleophiles toreact with the acyl-enzyme intermediate. This is exactly what wasobserved for M222C catalyzed reactions of secondary alcohols. Incontrast, residue 623 of SBL is in the S2 pocket, and therefore it isunlikely that any mutation or modification at this residue wouldsignificantly influence the S₁′ pocket. Nevertheless, N62C—S—CH₃ gaveconsiderably higher yields than WT with secondary alcohols. Furthermore, this CMM catalyzed the transesterification of primary alcoholsmuch faster than either WT or M222C. It is probable that N62C—S—CH₃catalyzed transesterification faster than M222C or WT because of ahigher turnover rate (Plettner et al. (198) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 8:2291-2296), but that in the case of secondary alcohols, the improvedcatalytic efficiency could not entirely overcome the negative sterichindrance factors.

In conclusion, the future potential of the CMM approach is evident fromthe fact that both N62C—S—CH₃ and M222C are superior transesterificationcatalysts to WT, with N62C—S—CH₃ giving higher yields in a shorterreaction time in transesterification reactions that WT when primaryalcohols are used with 2 as acyl donor. Furthermore, M222C itself hasbeen found to be an excellent catalyst for the transesterification ofsecondary alcohols.

It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein arefor illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changesin light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and areto be included within the spirit and purview of this application andscope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patentapplications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes.

1. A modified serine hydrolase that catalyzes a transamidation or atranspeptidation or a transesterification reaction, said protease havingone or more amino acid residues in a subsite replaced with a cysteine,wherein the cysteine is modified by replacing the thiol hydrogen in thecysteine with a substituent group providing a thiol side chaincomprising a moiety selected from the group consisting of a polararomatic substituent, an alkyl amino group with a positive charge, achiral substituent, a heterocyclic substituent, and a glycoside.
 2. Themodified serine hydrolase of claim 1, wherein the serine hydrolasecatalyzes a transamidation.
 3. The modified serine hydrolase of claim 1,wherein the serine hydrolase catalyzes a transpeptidation.
 4. Themodified serine hydrolase of claim 1, wherein the serine hydrolasecatalyzes a transesterification.
 5. The modified serine hydrolase ofclaim 1, wherein said serine hydrolase is selected from the groupconsisting of an alpha/beta serine hydrolase, a subtilisin type serineprotease, and a chymotrypsin serine protease.
 6. The modified serinehydrolase of claim 1, wherein said serine hydrolase is a subtilisin. 7.The modified serine hydrolase of claim 6, wherein said serine hydrolasecatalyzes a transamidation and is stereoselective.
 8. The modifiedserine hydrolase of claim 6, wherein the amino acid replaced with acysteine is an amino acid in the S₁, S₁′, or S₂ subsite.
 9. The modifiedserine hydrolase of claim 8, wherein the amino acid replaced with acysteine is selected from the group consisting of asparagine, leucine,methionine, and serine.
 10. The modified serine hydrolase of claim 8,wherein said amino acid is selected from the group consisting of aminoacid 156 in the S₁ subsite, amino acid 166 in the S₁ subsite, amino acid217 in the S₁′ subsite, amino acid 222 in S₁′ subsite and amino acid 62in the S2 subsite.
 11. The modified serine hydrolase of claim 1, whereinsaid substitutent is selected from the group consisting of anoxazolidinone, a C₁ to C₁₅ alkyl amino group with a positive charge, anda glycoside.
 12. The modified serine hydrolase of claim 11, wherein saidglycoside is selected from the group consisting of a monosaccaharide, adisaccharides, and an oligosaccharide comprising pentoses and hexoses.13. The modified serine hydrolase of claim 1, wherein said substitutentis selected from the group consisting of the substituents listed in FIG.2.
 14. The modified serine hydrolase of claim 1, wherein saidsubstitutent is selected from the group consisting of(R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, (S)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,(R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(R)-4phenyul-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thioethyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio)-(3aR-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one,andN-(3′-thio)-(3aS-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one.15. A chemically modified mutant subtilisin, said subtilisin having oneor more amino acid residues selected from the S₁, S₁′, or S₂ subsitesreplaced with a cysteine, wherein the cysteine is modified by replacingthe thiol hydrogen in the cysteine with a substituent group providing athiol side chain comprising a moiety selected from the group consistingof a polar aromatic substituent, an alkyl amino group with a positivecharge, an alkyl group bearing a negatively charged moiety, and aglycoside.
 16. The subtilisin of claim 15, wherein the amino acidresidue replaced with a cysteine is selected from the group consistingof amino acid 62, amino acid 156, amino acid 166, amino acid 217, andamino acid
 222. 17. The subtilisin of claim 16, wherein saidsubstitutent is selected from the group consisting of an oxazolidinone,a C₁ to C₁₅ alkyl amino group with a positive charge, a C₁ to C₁₅—SO₃ ⁻,C₁ to C₁₅—CO₂ ⁻, and a glycoside.
 18. The subtilisin of claim 17,wherein said glycoside is selected from the group consisting of amonosaccaharide, a disaccharides, an oligosaccharide comprising pentosesand hexoses.
 19. The subtilisin of claim 16, wherein said substitutentis selected from the group consisting of the substituents listed in FIG.2.
 20. The subtilisin of claim 16, wherein said substitutent is selectedfrom the group consisting of (R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,(S)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,(S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, N-(3′-thio-propyl)-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(R)-4phenyul-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thioethyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio)-(3aR-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one,andN-(3′-thio)-(3aS-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one.21. A method of forming a peptide bond, said method comprisingcontacting a compound comprising an ester substrate with a serinehydrolase of claim 1 or 15 and a primary amine under conditions wherebysaid hydrolase catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond.
 22. The methodof claim 21, wherein said compound comprising an ester substrate is anacyl donor and said primary amine is an acyl acceptor.
 23. The method ofclaim 22, wherein said acyl acceptor is an amino acid amide.
 24. Themethod of claim 23, wherein said amino acid amide is present in apeptide.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein said acyl acceptor is anL-amino acid amide.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein said acylacceptor is a D-amino acid amide.
 27. The method of claim 22, whereinsaid ester substrate is an amino acid ester.
 28. The method of claim 27,wherein said amino acid ester is present in a peptide.
 29. The method ofclaim 22, wherein said ester substrate is an L-amino acid ester.
 30. Themethod of claim 22, wherein said ester substrate is a D-amino acidester.
 31. A method of resolving racemic primary and secondary alcoholsusing a transesterification reaction, said method comprising contactingsaid racemic primary or secondary alcohols with a serine hydrolase ofclaims 1 or 15 and an acyl donor whereby said serine hydrolase catalyzesa transesterification reaction resolving said recemic primary orsecondary alcohol.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein said primary orsecondary alcohol is selected from the group consisting of an aliphaticalcohol, an aromatic alcohol, and a heterocyclic alcohol.
 33. The methodof claim 31, wherein said primary or secondary alcohol is selected fromthe group consisting of 2-phenyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, and 2octanol.
 34. The method of claim 31, wherein said acyl donors areselected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid esters andactivated esters.
 35. The method of claim
 34. wherein said carboxylicacid esters are selected from the group consisting of alkyl carboxylicesters, and aralkyl esters.
 36. The method of claim
 34. wherein saidactivated ester is selected from the group consisting of amonohaloalkyl, a dihaloalkyl, and a trihaloalkyl.
 37. The method ofclaim 31, wherein said modified mutant enzyme is selected from the groupconsisting of L217C—(CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻, N62C— (CH₂)₂—SO₃ ⁻, and N62C—S—CH₃.38. A method of attaching a chiral moiety to a substrate via atransamidation, a transesterification, or a transpeptidation reaction,said method comprising contacting said substrate having a reactive sitesuitable for a transesterification or a tansamidation, and said moietywith a catalytic serine hydrolase of claims 1 or 15 under conditionswhereby said chiral moiety is covalently coupled to said substrate. 39.The method of claim 38, wherein said moiety is a chiral is selected fromthe group consisting of a D amino acid, an L-amino acid, an acyclicaliphatic, a cyclic aliphatic, an aralkyl. R-carboxylic acid, andaralkyl S-carboxylic acid, an aromatic R-carboxylic acid, and anaromatic S-carboxylic acid.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein saidreaction is preferential for a moiety of one chirality.
 41. The methodof claim 39, wherein said transesterification results in anenantiomerically biased product.
 42. The method of claim 38, whereinsaid substrate is an amino acid or a polypeptide.
 43. A method ofincorporating an amino acid into a polypeptide, said method comprisingcontacting an amino acid ester with a catalytic serine protease of claim1 or 15 and an amino acid primary amine under conditions whereby saidserine hydrolase catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between theamino acid of said amino acid ester and the amino acid of the amino acidamine.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein said amino acid ester is anacyl donor and said amino acid amine is an acyl acceptor.
 45. The methodof claim 43, wherein said amino acid amide is present in a peptide. 46.The method of claim 45, wherein said amino acid amide is an L-amino acidamide.
 47. The method of claim 45, wherein said amino acid amide is aD-amino acid amide.
 48. The method of claim 43, wherein said amino acidester is an L-amino acid ester.
 49. The method of claim 43, wherein saidamino acid ester is a D-amino acid ester.
 50. The method of claim 43,wherein said amino acid ester is present in a peptide.
 51. A method ofproducing a chemically modified mutated serine hydrolase, said methodcomprising providing a serine hydrolase wherein one or more amino acidshave been replaced with cysteine residues; and replacing the thiolhydrogens in the cysteine residues with a substituent group providing athiol side chain comprising a moiety selected from the group consistingof consisting of a polar aromatic substituent, an alkyl amino group witha positive charge, and a glycoside.
 52. The method of claim 51, whereinsaid hydrolase is selected from the group consisting of an alpha/betaserine protease, a subtilisin type serine protease, and a chymotrypsinserine protease.
 53. The method of claim 51, wherein said hydrolase is asubtilisin.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the amino acid replacedwith a cysteine is an amino acid in the S₁, S₁′, or S₂ subsite.
 55. Themethod of claim 53, wherein the amino acid replaced with a cysteine isselected from the group consisting of asparagine, leucine, methionine,and serine.
 56. The method of claim 53, wherein said amino acid isselected from the group consisting of amino acid 156 in the S₁ subsite,amino acid 166 in the S₁ subsite. amino acid 217 in the S₁′ subsite,amino acid 222 in S₁′ subsite and amino acid 62 in the S2 subsite. 57.The method of claim 53, wherein said substitutent is selected from thegroup consisting of an oxazolidinone, a C₁ to C₁₅ alkyl amino group witha positive charge, and a glycoside.
 58. The method of claim 57, whereinsaid glycoside is selected from the group consisting of amonosaccaharide, a disaccharides, and an oligosaccharide comprisingpentoses and hexoses.
 59. The method of claim 53, wherein saidsubstitutent is selected from the group consisting of the substituentslisted in FIG.
 2. 60. The method of claim 53, wherein said substitutentis selected from the group consisting of(R)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, (S)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,(R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol, (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl-thiol,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio-propyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(R)-4phenyul-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thioethyl)-(R)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(2′-thio-ethyl)-(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxazolidinone,N-(3′-thio)-(3aR-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one,andN-(3′-thio)-(3aS-cis)-3,3a,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-indeno[1,2-d]-oxazol-2-one.61. The method of claim 53, wherein said method further comprisesscreening the modified serine hydrolase for an activity selected fromthe group consisting of a transesterification activity, a transamidationactivity, and a transpeptidation activity.
 62. The method of claim 61,wherein said activity is stereoselective.